[ { "id": 1, "chrono_rank": 1, "event": "Creation of the World and Humanity", "description": "God creates the world, forms Adam and Eve, and places them in the garden of Eden.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Genesis 1:1-2:3", "Genesis 2:4-25", "Genesis 2:7-25" ], "marker": "God creates the world and humanity before the garden\u2019s disobedience and long before any Israelite king.", "marker_window": "The first human generations live before the flood", "proof_label": "creation", "reason": "God creates the world and humanity before the garden\u2019s disobedience and long before any Israelite king (Genesis 1:1-2:3; Genesis 3:1-24).", "approx_date": "Primeval era", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 3, "chrono_rank": 3, "event": "The Fall in Eden", "description": "The serpent tempts Eve, and she and Adam eat the forbidden fruit and are driven out of the garden.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Genesis 3:1-24" ], "marker": "Adam and Eve disobey God in Eden before Cain and Abel are born, long before Israel has kings.", "marker_window": "The first human generations live before the flood", "proof_label": "the fall", "reason": "Adam and Eve disobey God in Eden before Cain and Abel are born, long before Israel has kings (Genesis 3:1-24; Genesis 4:1-16).", "approx_date": "Primeval era", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 4, "chrono_rank": 4, "event": "Cain Murders Abel", "description": "Cain kills his brother Abel out of jealousy and is condemned to wander the earth.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Genesis 4:1-16" ], "marker": "Cain kills Abel in the first human family, before Noah\u2019s generation and the flood.", "marker_window": "The first human generations live before the flood", "proof_label": "Abel\u2019s death", "reason": "Cain kills Abel in the first human family, before Noah\u2019s generation and the flood (Genesis 4:1-16; Genesis 6:9-22; Genesis 7:1-24).", "approx_date": "Primeval era", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 7, "chrono_rank": 7, "event": "Noah Builds the Ark", "description": "God tells righteous Noah to build an ark to preserve his family and the animals.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Genesis 6:9-22" ], "marker": "Noah builds the ark before the flood, generations before Abraham.", "marker_window": "Noah is alive, before Abraham and the nation of Israel", "proof_label": "the ark\u2019s construction", "reason": "Noah builds the ark before the flood, generations before Abraham (Genesis 6:9-22; Genesis 7:1-24).", "approx_date": "Primeval era", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 8, "chrono_rank": 8, "event": "The Great Flood", "description": "Floodwaters cover the earth; every land creature with the breath of life outside the ark dies.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Genesis 7:1-24" ], "marker": "The flood comes in Noah\u2019s lifetime, before his family leaves the ark or Abraham is born.", "marker_window": "Noah is alive, before Abraham and the nation of Israel", "proof_label": "the flood", "reason": "The flood comes in Noah\u2019s lifetime, before his family leaves the ark or Abraham is born (Genesis 7:1-24; Genesis 12:1-9).", "approx_date": "Primeval era", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 9, "chrono_rank": 9, "event": "Raven and Dove Sent", "description": "As the waters recede, the ark rests on Ararat and Noah sends out a raven and then a dove that returns with an olive leaf.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 8:1-14" ], "marker": "Noah sends the birds as the floodwaters recede, before his family leaves the ark.", "marker_window": "Noah\u2019s descendants live before God calls Abraham", "proof_label": "the birds from the ark", "reason": "Noah sends the birds as the floodwaters recede, before his family leaves the ark (Genesis 8:1-14; Genesis 7:1-24).", "approx_date": "Primeval era", "proof_plural": true }, { "id": 10, "chrono_rank": 10, "event": "Rainbow Covenant", "description": "God promises never again to flood the earth and sets the rainbow in the clouds as the sign.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Genesis 8:15-9:17" ], "marker": "God gives Noah the rainbow covenant after the flood, before the scattering at Babel.", "marker_window": "Noah\u2019s descendants live before God calls Abraham", "proof_label": "the rainbow covenant", "reason": "God gives Noah the rainbow covenant after the flood, before the scattering at Babel (Genesis 8:15-9:17; Genesis 11:1-9; Genesis 7:1-24).", "approx_date": "Primeval era", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 13, "chrono_rank": 13, "event": "Tower of Babel", "description": "People build a tower to reach heaven, and God confuses their language and scatters them.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Genesis 11:1-9" ], "marker": "Babel belongs to the generations after the flood, before God calls Abraham.", "marker_window": "Noah\u2019s descendants live before God calls Abraham", "proof_label": "Babel", "reason": "Babel belongs to the generations after the flood, before God calls Abraham (Genesis 11:1-9; Genesis 12:1-9; Genesis 7:1-24).", "approx_date": "Primeval era", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 14, "chrono_rank": 14, "event": "Call of Abram", "description": "God calls Abram to leave Haran for a land he will show him and promises to make him a great nation.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 12:1-9", "Acts 7:2-4" ], "marker": "God calls Abram to Canaan before the famine takes him to Egypt and before Isaac is born.", "marker_window": "Abraham and Sarah are alive, before Isaac is born", "proof_label": "Abraham\u2019s call", "reason": "God calls Abram to Canaan before the famine takes him to Egypt and before Isaac is born (Genesis 12:1-9; Genesis 12:10-20; Genesis 21:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 2091 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 15, "chrono_rank": 15, "event": "Abram in Egypt", "description": "During a famine Abram claims Sarai is his sister, and Pharaoh takes her until plagues expose the lie.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 12:10-20" ], "marker": "Abram goes to Egypt after reaching Canaan, while Sarah is alive and before Isaac is born.", "marker_window": "Abraham and Sarah are alive, before Isaac is born", "proof_label": "Abram\u2019s visit to Egypt", "reason": "Abram goes to Egypt after reaching Canaan, while Sarah is alive and before Isaac is born (Genesis 12:10-20; Genesis 21:1-7; Genesis 12:1-9).", "approx_date": "about 2091 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 16, "chrono_rank": 16, "event": "Abram and Lot Separate", "description": "Strife between their herdsmen leads Abram to let Lot choose the well-watered Jordan plain.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 13:1-18" ], "marker": "Abram and Lot separate after their return from Egypt, before Lot is taken captive.", "marker_window": "Abraham and Sarah are alive, before Isaac is born", "proof_label": "Abram and Lot\u2019s separation", "reason": "Abram and Lot separate after their return from Egypt, before Lot is taken captive (Genesis 13:1-18; Genesis 14:1-16; Genesis 12:10-20).", "approx_date": "about 2090 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 17, "chrono_rank": 17, "event": "Abram Rescues Lot", "description": "Abram leads 318 men to defeat four kings and recover Lot and his possessions.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Genesis 14:1-16" ], "marker": "Abram rescues Lot after they separate, before Melchizedek meets him on his return.", "marker_window": "Abraham and Sarah are alive, before Isaac is born", "proof_label": "Lot\u2019s rescue", "reason": "Abram rescues Lot after they separate, before Melchizedek meets him on his return (Genesis 14:1-16; Genesis 14:17-24; Genesis 13:1-18).", "approx_date": "about 2085 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 18, "chrono_rank": 18, "event": "Melchizedek Blesses Abram", "description": "The priest-king Melchizedek brings bread and wine and blesses Abram, who gives him a tenth.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Genesis 14:17-24" ], "marker": "Melchizedek blesses Abram on his return from rescuing Lot, before Isaac is born.", "marker_window": "Abraham and Sarah are alive, before Isaac is born", "proof_label": "Melchizedek\u2019s blessing", "reason": "Melchizedek blesses Abram on his return from rescuing Lot, before Isaac is born (Genesis 14:17-24; Genesis 21:1-7; Genesis 14:1-16).", "approx_date": "about 2085 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 19, "chrono_rank": 19, "event": "Covenant of the Pieces", "description": "God promises Abram countless descendants and seals the covenant with a smoking pot and flaming torch between the halves of animals.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 15:1-21" ], "marker": "God seals his promise to Abram before Hagar bears Ishmael, while Isaac is still unborn.", "marker_window": "Abraham and Sarah are alive, before Isaac is born", "proof_label": "the covenant of the pieces", "reason": "God seals his promise to Abram before Hagar bears Ishmael, while Isaac is still unborn (Genesis 15:1-21; Genesis 16:1-16; Genesis 21:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 2081 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 20, "chrono_rank": 20, "event": "Hagar and Ishmael", "description": "Sarai gives her servant Hagar to Abram, and Hagar bears Ishmael after an angel meets her in the wilderness.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 16:1-16", "Genesis 21:9", "Galatians 4:22-23" ], "marker": "Hagar bears Ishmael before God gives the covenant of circumcision and before Isaac is born.", "marker_window": "Abraham and Sarah are alive, before Isaac is born", "proof_label": "Ishmael\u2019s birth", "reason": "Hagar bears Ishmael before God gives the covenant of circumcision and before Isaac is born (Genesis 16:1-16; Genesis 17:1-27; Genesis 21:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 2080 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 21, "chrono_rank": 21, "event": "Covenant of Circumcision", "description": "God renames Abram and Sarai as Abraham and Sarah and commands circumcision as the sign of the covenant.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 17:1-27", "Acts 7:8" ], "marker": "God gives Abraham the covenant of circumcision when Ishmael is thirteen, before Isaac is born.", "marker_window": "Abraham and Sarah are alive, before Isaac is born", "proof_label": "the covenant of circumcision", "reason": "God gives Abraham the covenant of circumcision when Ishmael is thirteen, before Isaac is born (Genesis 17:1-27; Genesis 21:1-7; Genesis 16:1-16).", "approx_date": "about 2067 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 22, "chrono_rank": 22, "event": "Three Visitors Promise Isaac", "description": "Three visitors tell Abraham that Sarah will bear a son, and Sarah laughs at the news.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 18:1-15" ], "marker": "The visitors promise Sarah a son before Sodom is destroyed and before Isaac is born.", "marker_window": "Abraham and Sarah are alive, before Isaac is born", "proof_label": "the visitors\u2019 promise", "reason": "The visitors promise Sarah a son before Sodom is destroyed and before Isaac is born (Genesis 18:1-15; Genesis 19:1-29; Genesis 21:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 2067 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 23, "chrono_rank": 23, "event": "Abraham Pleads for Sodom", "description": "Abraham bargains with God to spare Sodom if even ten righteous people are found there.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Genesis 18:16-33" ], "marker": "Abraham pleads for Sodom after the visitors promise Isaac, before the city is destroyed.", "marker_window": "Abraham and Sarah are alive, before Isaac is born", "proof_label": "Abraham\u2019s plea for Sodom", "reason": "Abraham pleads for Sodom after the visitors promise Isaac, before the city is destroyed (Genesis 18:16-33; Genesis 19:1-29; Genesis 18:1-15).", "approx_date": "about 2067 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 24, "chrono_rank": 24, "event": "Sodom and Gomorrah Destroyed", "description": "Angels rescue Lot and his family before fire and sulfur rain down on the cities, and Lot's wife looks back and becomes a pillar of salt.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Genesis 19:1-29", "Luke 17:28-32", "2 Peter 2:6-8" ], "marker": "Sodom is destroyed after Abraham pleads for it, while Lot is alive and before Isaac is born.", "marker_window": "Abraham and Sarah are alive, before Isaac is born", "proof_label": "Sodom\u2019s destruction", "reason": "Sodom is destroyed after Abraham pleads for it, while Lot is alive and before Isaac is born (Genesis 19:1-29; Genesis 21:1-7; Genesis 18:16-33).", "approx_date": "about 2067 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 25, "chrono_rank": 25, "event": "Abraham and Abimelech", "description": "Abraham again calls Sarah his sister, and God warns King Abimelech in a dream before any harm is done.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Genesis 20:1-18" ], "marker": "Abraham meets Abimelech after Sodom\u2019s destruction, while Sarah is alive and before Isaac is born.", "marker_window": "Abraham and Sarah are alive, before Isaac is born", "proof_label": "Abraham\u2019s encounter with Abimelech", "reason": "Abraham meets Abimelech after Sodom\u2019s destruction, while Sarah is alive and before Isaac is born (Genesis 20:1-18; Genesis 21:1-7; Genesis 19:1-29).", "approx_date": "about 2066 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 26, "chrono_rank": 26, "event": "Isaac Is Born", "description": "Sarah bears Isaac in her old age, as God had promised.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 21:1-7", "Hebrews 11:11-12" ], "marker": "Isaac is born to Abraham and Sarah before Hagar is sent away and long before Jacob\u2019s birth.", "marker_window": "Isaac\u2019s generation comes before Jacob\u2019s family", "proof_label": "Isaac\u2019s birth", "reason": "Isaac is born to Abraham and Sarah before Hagar is sent away and long before Jacob\u2019s birth (Genesis 21:1-7; Genesis 21:8-21; Genesis 25:19-26).", "approx_date": "about 2066 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 27, "chrono_rank": 27, "event": "Hagar Sent Away", "description": "Abraham sends Hagar and Ishmael into the wilderness, where God opens her eyes to a well of water.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 21:8-21" ], "marker": "Hagar is sent away after Isaac is weaned, while Abraham and Sarah are still alive.", "marker_window": "Isaac\u2019s generation comes before Jacob\u2019s family", "proof_label": "Hagar\u2019s departure", "reason": "Hagar is sent away after Isaac is weaned, while Abraham and Sarah are still alive (Genesis 21:8-21; Genesis 21:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 2063 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 28, "chrono_rank": 28, "event": "Binding of Isaac", "description": "God tests Abraham by commanding him to sacrifice Isaac, then stops him and provides a ram.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Genesis 22:1-19", "Hebrews 11:17-19", "James 2:21-23" ], "marker": "Abraham is tested after Isaac has grown beyond infancy, before Sarah\u2019s death is recounted.", "marker_window": "Isaac\u2019s generation comes before Jacob\u2019s family", "proof_label": "the testing of Abraham", "reason": "Abraham is tested after Isaac has grown beyond infancy, before Sarah\u2019s death is recounted (Genesis 22:1-19; Genesis 23:1-20; Genesis 21:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 2050 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 29, "chrono_rank": 29, "event": "Sarah's Death and Burial", "description": "Sarah dies, and Abraham buys the cave of Machpelah as a burial place.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 23:1-20" ], "marker": "Sarah dies while Abraham is still alive, before his servant finds Rebekah for Isaac.", "marker_window": "Isaac\u2019s generation comes before Jacob\u2019s family", "proof_label": "Sarah\u2019s burial", "reason": "Sarah dies while Abraham is still alive, before his servant finds Rebekah for Isaac (Genesis 23:1-20; Genesis 24:1-67).", "approx_date": "about 2029 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 30, "chrono_rank": 30, "event": "Rebekah at the Well", "description": "Abraham's servant finds Rebekah at a well, and she agrees to marry Isaac.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 24:1-67" ], "marker": "Abraham\u2019s servant finds Rebekah after Sarah\u2019s death, before Esau and Jacob are born.", "marker_window": "Isaac\u2019s generation comes before Jacob\u2019s family", "proof_label": "Rebekah\u2019s marriage", "reason": "Abraham\u2019s servant finds Rebekah after Sarah\u2019s death, before Esau and Jacob are born (Genesis 24:1-67; Genesis 25:19-26; Genesis 23:1-20).", "approx_date": "about 2026 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 31, "chrono_rank": 31, "event": "Esau and Jacob Born", "description": "Rebekah gives birth to twins who struggled in her womb, Esau first with Jacob gripping his heel.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 25:19-26", "Joshua 24:4" ], "marker": "Esau and Jacob are born to Isaac and Rebekah before Esau sells his birthright.", "marker_window": "Jacob\u2019s family is growing, before Joseph is taken to Egypt", "proof_label": "the twins\u2019 birth", "reason": "Esau and Jacob are born to Isaac and Rebekah before Esau sells his birthright (Genesis 25:19-26; Genesis 25:29-34).", "approx_date": "about 2006 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 32, "chrono_rank": 32, "event": "Esau Sells His Birthright", "description": "Esau trades his birthright to Jacob for a bowl of lentil stew.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 25:29-34" ], "marker": "Esau sells his birthright while Isaac is still alive, before Jacob takes the blessing.", "marker_window": "Jacob\u2019s family is growing, before Joseph is taken to Egypt", "proof_label": "the sale of the birthright", "reason": "Esau sells his birthright while Isaac is still alive, before Jacob takes the blessing (Genesis 25:29-34; Genesis 27:1-40).", "approx_date": "about 1990 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 34, "chrono_rank": 37, "event": "Jacob Steals the Blessing", "description": "Jacob disguises himself as Esau and deceives blind Isaac into giving him the firstborn blessing.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 27:1-40" ], "marker": "Jacob takes Isaac\u2019s blessing before fleeing to Laban, while Esau is still at home.", "marker_window": "Jacob\u2019s family is growing, before Joseph is taken to Egypt", "proof_label": "Jacob\u2019s stolen blessing", "reason": "Jacob takes Isaac\u2019s blessing before fleeing to Laban, while Esau is still at home (Genesis 27:1-40; Genesis 31:1-55).", "approx_date": "about 1929 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 35, "chrono_rank": 38, "event": "Jacob's Ladder at Bethel", "description": "Jacob dreams of a stairway to heaven where God renews the Abrahamic promise to him.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Genesis 28:10-22" ], "marker": "Jacob dreams at Bethel while fleeing Esau, before marrying Leah and Rachel.", "marker_window": "Jacob\u2019s family is growing, before Joseph is taken to Egypt", "proof_label": "Jacob\u2019s dream at Bethel", "reason": "Jacob dreams at Bethel while fleeing Esau, before marrying Leah and Rachel (Genesis 28:10-22; Genesis 29:1-30; Genesis 27:1-40).", "approx_date": "about 1929 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 36, "chrono_rank": 39, "event": "Jacob Marries Leah and Rachel", "description": "Laban tricks Jacob into marrying Leah first; Jacob then marries Rachel and serves seven more years.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 29:1-30" ], "marker": "Jacob marries Leah and Rachel while serving Laban, before returning to Canaan with his family.", "marker_window": "Jacob\u2019s family is growing, before Joseph is taken to Egypt", "proof_label": "Jacob\u2019s marriages", "reason": "Jacob marries Leah and Rachel while serving Laban, before returning to Canaan with his family (Genesis 29:1-30; Genesis 31:1-55).", "approx_date": "about 1922 BC", "proof_plural": true }, { "id": 37, "chrono_rank": 40, "event": "Jacob's Speckled Flocks", "description": "Jacob uses striped branches and selective breeding to build his own flocks from Laban's herds.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Genesis 30:25-43" ], "marker": "Jacob builds his flocks after marrying Laban\u2019s daughters, before fleeing from Laban.", "marker_window": "Jacob\u2019s family is growing, before Joseph is taken to Egypt", "proof_label": "Jacob\u2019s flocks", "reason": "Jacob builds his flocks after marrying Laban\u2019s daughters, before fleeing from Laban (Genesis 30:25-43; Genesis 31:1-55; Genesis 29:1-30).", "approx_date": "about 1910 BC", "proof_plural": true }, { "id": 38, "chrono_rank": 41, "event": "Jacob Flees from Laban", "description": "Jacob slips away with his family, Laban pursues him, and the two make a covenant at Mizpah.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 31:1-55" ], "marker": "Jacob leaves Laban with his family before wrestling at Peniel and meeting Esau again.", "marker_window": "Jacob\u2019s family is growing, before Joseph is taken to Egypt", "proof_label": "Jacob\u2019s flight from Laban", "reason": "Jacob leaves Laban with his family before wrestling at Peniel and meeting Esau again (Genesis 31:1-55; Genesis 32:22-32; Genesis 33:1-17).", "approx_date": "about 1909 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 39, "chrono_rank": 42, "event": "Jacob Wrestles at Peniel", "description": "Jacob wrestles through the night with a man of God and is renamed Israel, leaving with a limp.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 32:22-32" ], "marker": "Jacob wrestles at Peniel after leaving Laban, on the night before he meets Esau.", "marker_window": "Jacob\u2019s family is growing, before Joseph is taken to Egypt", "proof_label": "the wrestling at Peniel", "reason": "Jacob wrestles at Peniel after leaving Laban, on the night before he meets Esau (Genesis 32:22-32; Genesis 33:1-17; Genesis 31:1-55).", "approx_date": "about 1909 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 40, "chrono_rank": 43, "event": "Jacob and Esau Reunite", "description": "Esau runs to embrace Jacob, and the brothers are reconciled.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 33:1-17" ], "marker": "Jacob meets Esau after wrestling at Peniel, before settling near Shechem.", "marker_window": "Jacob\u2019s family is growing, before Joseph is taken to Egypt", "proof_label": "the brothers\u2019 reunion", "reason": "Jacob meets Esau after wrestling at Peniel, before settling near Shechem (Genesis 33:1-17; Genesis 34:1-31; Genesis 32:22-32).", "approx_date": "about 1909 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 41, "chrono_rank": 44, "event": "Dinah and Shechem", "description": "Shechem violates Dinah, and her brothers Simeon and Levi take bloody revenge on the city.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Genesis 34:1-31" ], "marker": "Dinah\u2019s brothers attack Shechem after Jacob returns to Canaan, before the family returns to Bethel.", "marker_window": "Joseph\u2019s brothers have not yet come to Egypt for grain", "proof_label": "the trouble at Shechem", "reason": "Dinah\u2019s brothers attack Shechem after Jacob returns to Canaan, before the family returns to Bethel (Genesis 34:1-31; Genesis 35:1-15; Genesis 31:1-55).", "approx_date": "about 1900 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 42, "chrono_rank": 45, "event": "Jacob Returns to Bethel", "description": "Jacob buries his family's foreign idols and builds an altar at Bethel, where God renews his name Israel.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Genesis 35:1-15" ], "marker": "Jacob returns to Bethel after the trouble at Shechem, while Rachel is still alive.", "marker_window": "Joseph\u2019s brothers have not yet come to Egypt for grain", "proof_label": "Jacob\u2019s return to Bethel", "reason": "Jacob returns to Bethel after the trouble at Shechem, while Rachel is still alive (Genesis 35:1-15; Genesis 35:16-20; Genesis 34:1-31).", "approx_date": "about 1900 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 43, "chrono_rank": 46, "event": "Rachel Dies Birthing Benjamin", "description": "Rachel dies on the road to Ephrath after giving birth to Benjamin.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Genesis 35:16-20" ], "marker": "Rachel dies giving birth to Benjamin after the return to Bethel, before Joseph is sold into Egypt.", "marker_window": "Joseph\u2019s brothers have not yet come to Egypt for grain", "proof_label": "Rachel\u2019s death", "reason": "Rachel dies giving birth to Benjamin after the return to Bethel, before Joseph is sold into Egypt (Genesis 35:16-20; Genesis 37:12-36; Genesis 35:1-15).", "approx_date": "about 1900 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 44, "chrono_rank": 47, "event": "Joseph's Dreams", "description": "Joseph, Jacob's favorite, dreams that his family will bow down to him, and his brothers hate him for it.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Genesis 37:1-11" ], "marker": "Joseph dreams while living with Jacob and his brothers in Canaan, before they sell him into Egypt.", "marker_window": "Joseph\u2019s brothers have not yet come to Egypt for grain", "proof_label": "Joseph\u2019s dreams", "reason": "Joseph dreams while living with Jacob and his brothers in Canaan, before they sell him into Egypt (Genesis 37:1-11; Genesis 37:12-36).", "approx_date": "about 1898 BC", "proof_plural": true }, { "id": 45, "chrono_rank": 48, "event": "Joseph Sold into Slavery", "description": "His brothers throw Joseph into a pit and sell him to traders bound for Egypt.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Genesis 37:12-36", "Acts 7:9" ], "marker": "Joseph\u2019s brothers sell him after his dreams, before he serves in Potiphar\u2019s house in Egypt.", "marker_window": "Joseph\u2019s brothers have not yet come to Egypt for grain", "proof_label": "Joseph\u2019s sale into slavery", "reason": "Joseph\u2019s brothers sell him after his dreams, before he serves in Potiphar\u2019s house in Egypt (Genesis 37:12-36; Genesis 39:1-23; Genesis 37:1-11).", "approx_date": "about 1898 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 47, "chrono_rank": 50, "event": "Joseph and Potiphar's Wife", "description": "Joseph refuses the advances of Potiphar's wife and is falsely accused and thrown into prison.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 39:1-23" ], "marker": "Joseph is accused by Potiphar\u2019s wife after coming to Egypt, before interpreting the prisoners\u2019 dreams.", "marker_window": "Joseph is in Egypt, before his brothers arrive for grain", "proof_label": "Joseph\u2019s imprisonment", "reason": "Joseph is accused by Potiphar\u2019s wife after coming to Egypt, before interpreting the prisoners\u2019 dreams (Genesis 39:1-23; Genesis 40:1-23; Genesis 37:12-36).", "approx_date": "about 1897 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 48, "chrono_rank": 51, "event": "Cupbearer and Baker's Dreams", "description": "In prison Joseph interprets the dreams of Pharaoh's cupbearer and baker, and both come true.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 40:1-23" ], "marker": "Joseph interprets the cupbearer\u2019s and baker\u2019s dreams in prison, before Pharaoh summons him.", "marker_window": "Joseph is in Egypt, before his brothers arrive for grain", "proof_label": "the prisoners\u2019 dreams", "reason": "Joseph interprets the cupbearer\u2019s and baker\u2019s dreams in prison, before Pharaoh summons him (Genesis 40:1-23; Genesis 41:1-36; Genesis 39:1-23).", "approx_date": "about 1888 BC", "proof_plural": true }, { "id": 49, "chrono_rank": 52, "event": "Pharaoh's Dreams Interpreted", "description": "Joseph explains Pharaoh's dreams of fat and thin cows as seven years of plenty followed by seven of famine.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 41:1-36", "Acts 7:10" ], "marker": "Joseph interprets Pharaoh\u2019s dreams after his time in prison, before being put in charge of Egypt.", "marker_window": "Joseph is in Egypt, before his brothers arrive for grain", "proof_label": "Pharaoh\u2019s dreams", "reason": "Joseph interprets Pharaoh\u2019s dreams after his time in prison, before being put in charge of Egypt (Genesis 41:1-36; Genesis 41:37-57; Genesis 40:1-23).", "approx_date": "about 1886 BC", "proof_plural": true }, { "id": 50, "chrono_rank": 53, "event": "Joseph Promoted over Egypt", "description": "Pharaoh appoints Joseph to oversee Egypt and prepare for the coming famine.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 41:37-57" ], "marker": "Pharaoh puts Joseph in charge before the famine brings his brothers to Egypt.", "marker_window": "Joseph is in Egypt, before his brothers arrive for grain", "proof_label": "Joseph\u2019s promotion", "reason": "Pharaoh puts Joseph in charge before the famine brings his brothers to Egypt (Genesis 41:37-57; Genesis 42:1-38).", "approx_date": "about 1886 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 51, "chrono_rank": 54, "event": "Brothers Come to Egypt", "description": "Joseph's brothers travel to Egypt to buy grain and bow before him without recognizing him.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 42:1-38" ], "marker": "Joseph\u2019s brothers first come for grain after his promotion, before the test with the silver cup.", "marker_window": "Joseph governs Egypt and Jacob is still alive", "proof_label": "the brothers\u2019 first visit", "reason": "Joseph\u2019s brothers first come for grain after his promotion, before the test with the silver cup (Genesis 42:1-38; Genesis 44:1-34; Genesis 41:37-57).", "approx_date": "about 1877 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 52, "chrono_rank": 55, "event": "The Silver Cup", "description": "Joseph's cup is found in Benjamin's sack, and Judah offers himself as a slave in his place.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 44:1-34" ], "marker": "Joseph tests his brothers with the silver cup before revealing his identity, while Jacob is still alive.", "marker_window": "Joseph governs Egypt and Jacob is still alive", "proof_label": "the silver cup", "reason": "Joseph tests his brothers with the silver cup before revealing his identity, while Jacob is still alive (Genesis 44:1-34; Genesis 45:1-15).", "approx_date": "about 1876 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 53, "chrono_rank": 56, "event": "Joseph Reveals Himself", "description": "Joseph tells his brothers who he is and assures them that God sent him ahead to save lives.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 45:1-15", "Acts 7:13" ], "marker": "Joseph reveals his identity after the silver-cup test, before Jacob comes to Egypt.", "marker_window": "Joseph governs Egypt and Jacob is still alive", "proof_label": "Joseph\u2019s reunion with his brothers", "reason": "Joseph reveals his identity after the silver-cup test, before Jacob comes to Egypt (Genesis 45:1-15; Genesis 44:1-34).", "approx_date": "about 1876 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 54, "chrono_rank": 57, "event": "Jacob Blesses Joseph's Sons", "description": "Jacob crosses his hands to give the greater blessing to Ephraim over Manasseh.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Genesis 48:1-22", "Hebrews 11:21" ], "marker": "Jacob blesses Joseph\u2019s sons after moving to Egypt, before giving his final words to all his sons.", "marker_window": "Joseph governs Egypt and Jacob is still alive", "proof_label": "the blessing of Joseph\u2019s sons", "reason": "Jacob blesses Joseph\u2019s sons after moving to Egypt, before giving his final words to all his sons (Genesis 48:1-22; Genesis 49:1-33; Genesis 45:1-15).", "approx_date": "about 1859 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 55, "chrono_rank": 58, "event": "Jacob Blesses His Sons", "description": "On his deathbed Jacob speaks a blessing over each of his twelve sons.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Genesis 49:1-33" ], "marker": "Jacob blesses his sons on his deathbed in Egypt, before Joseph takes his body to Canaan.", "marker_window": "Israel\u2019s family is in Egypt, generations before Moses leads them out", "proof_label": "Jacob\u2019s final blessings", "reason": "Jacob blesses his sons on his deathbed in Egypt, before Joseph takes his body to Canaan (Genesis 49:1-33; Genesis 50:1-14).", "approx_date": "about 1859 BC", "proof_plural": true }, { "id": 56, "chrono_rank": 59, "event": "Jacob's Funeral Procession", "description": "Joseph and a large Egyptian company carry Jacob's body to Canaan for burial.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Genesis 50:1-14" ], "marker": "Joseph takes Jacob\u2019s body to Canaan after his death, before Joseph\u2019s own death in Egypt.", "marker_window": "Israel\u2019s family is in Egypt, generations before Moses leads them out", "proof_label": "Jacob\u2019s funeral", "reason": "Joseph takes Jacob\u2019s body to Canaan after his death, before Joseph\u2019s own death in Egypt (Genesis 50:1-14; Genesis 50:22-26; Genesis 49:1-33).", "approx_date": "about 1859 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 57, "chrono_rank": 60, "event": "Joseph's Death", "description": "Joseph dies in Egypt after making Israel promise to carry his bones to the promised land.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Genesis 50:22-26", "Hebrews 11:22" ], "marker": "Joseph dies after Jacob\u2019s burial, generations before Moses leads Israel out of Egypt.", "marker_window": "Israel\u2019s family is in Egypt, generations before Moses leads them out", "proof_label": "Joseph\u2019s death", "reason": "Joseph dies after Jacob\u2019s burial, generations before Moses leads Israel out of Egypt (Genesis 50:22-26; Exodus 12:31-42; Genesis 50:1-14).", "approx_date": "about 1806 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 58, "chrono_rank": 61, "event": "Israel Enslaved in Egypt", "description": "A new Pharaoh oppresses Israel; brave midwives refuse his command to kill newborn boys.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Exodus 1:8-22", "Acts 7:17-19", "Exodus 1:15-21" ], "marker": "A Pharaoh who does not know Joseph enslaves Israel before Moses is born.", "marker_window": "Israel is enslaved in Egypt, before Moses confronts Pharaoh", "proof_label": "Israel\u2019s enslavement", "reason": "A Pharaoh who does not know Joseph enslaves Israel before Moses is born (Exodus 1:8-22; Exodus 2:1-10; Genesis 50:22-26).", "approx_date": "about 1600 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 60, "chrono_rank": 63, "event": "Baby Moses in the Nile", "description": "Moses' mother hides him in a basket among the reeds, and Pharaoh's daughter rescues and adopts him.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Exodus 2:1-10", "Acts 7:20-22", "Hebrews 11:23" ], "marker": "Pharaoh\u2019s daughter rescues baby Moses while Israel is enslaved, before he flees to Midian as an adult.", "marker_window": "Israel is enslaved in Egypt, before Moses confronts Pharaoh", "proof_label": "Moses\u2019 rescue as a baby", "reason": "Pharaoh\u2019s daughter rescues baby Moses while Israel is enslaved, before he flees to Midian as an adult (Exodus 2:1-10; Exodus 2:11-25; Exodus 1:8-22).", "approx_date": "about 1526 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 61, "chrono_rank": 64, "event": "Moses Kills an Egyptian", "description": "Moses kills an Egyptian who was beating a Hebrew and flees to Midian, where he marries Zipporah.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Exodus 2:11-25", "Acts 7:23-29" ], "marker": "Moses flees Egypt after killing an Egyptian, before God calls him at the burning bush.", "marker_window": "Israel is enslaved in Egypt, before Moses confronts Pharaoh", "proof_label": "Moses\u2019 flight to Midian", "reason": "Moses flees Egypt after killing an Egyptian, before God calls him at the burning bush (Exodus 2:11-25; Exodus 3:1-4:17).", "approx_date": "about 1486 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 62, "chrono_rank": 65, "event": "Burning Bush", "description": "God speaks to Moses from a bush that burns without being consumed and sends him to free Israel.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Exodus 3:1-4:17", "Acts 7:30-35" ], "marker": "God calls Moses at the burning bush while he is in Midian, before he returns to confront Pharaoh.", "marker_window": "God is calling Moses to lead Israel out of slavery", "proof_label": "the burning bush", "reason": "God calls Moses at the burning bush while he is in Midian, before he returns to confront Pharaoh (Exodus 3:1-4:17; Exodus 5:1-23; Exodus 2:11-25).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 63, "chrono_rank": 66, "event": "Zipporah Circumcises Her Son", "description": "The Lord threatens Moses on the road until Zipporah circumcises their son.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Exodus 4:24-26" ], "marker": "Zipporah circumcises her son while Moses is returning from Midian, before he confronts Pharaoh in Egypt.", "marker_window": "God is calling Moses to lead Israel out of slavery", "proof_label": "Zipporah\u2019s intervention", "reason": "Zipporah circumcises her son while Moses is returning from Midian, before he confronts Pharaoh in Egypt (Exodus 4:24-26; Exodus 5:1-23; Exodus 3:1-4:17).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 64, "chrono_rank": 67, "event": "Pharaoh Increases the Bricks", "description": "Pharaoh refuses Moses' request and orders the Israelites to make bricks without straw.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Exodus 5:1-23" ], "marker": "Pharaoh increases the brick quota after Moses first speaks to him, before the plagues begin.", "marker_window": "Moses and Aaron confront Pharaoh, before Israel leaves Egypt", "proof_label": "Pharaoh\u2019s brick order", "reason": "Pharaoh increases the brick quota after Moses first speaks to him, before the plagues begin (Exodus 5:1-23; Exodus 7:14-25).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 65, "chrono_rank": 68, "event": "Aaron's Staff Becomes Serpent", "description": "Aaron's staff turns into a snake before Pharaoh and swallows the snakes of his magicians.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Exodus 7:8-13" ], "marker": "Aaron\u2019s staff becomes a serpent before the plagues, while Pharaoh still refuses to release Israel.", "marker_window": "Moses and Aaron confront Pharaoh, before Israel leaves Egypt", "proof_label": "Aaron\u2019s sign before Pharaoh", "reason": "Aaron\u2019s staff becomes a serpent before the plagues, while Pharaoh still refuses to release Israel (Exodus 7:8-13; Exodus 7:14-25).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 66, "chrono_rank": 69, "event": "Plague of Blood", "description": "The Nile turns to blood, killing the fish and making the water undrinkable.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Exodus 7:14-25", "Psalm 78:44", "Psalm 105:29" ], "marker": "The Nile turns to blood in the first plague, before the frogs and before Israel leaves Egypt.", "marker_window": "Moses and Aaron confront Pharaoh, before Israel leaves Egypt", "proof_label": "the plague of blood", "reason": "The Nile turns to blood in the first plague, before the frogs and before Israel leaves Egypt (Exodus 7:14-25; Exodus 8:1-15; Exodus 12:31-42).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 67, "chrono_rank": 70, "event": "Plague of Frogs", "description": "Frogs swarm over Egypt until Pharaoh begs Moses to pray for relief.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Exodus 8:1-15", "Psalm 78:45", "Psalm 105:30" ], "marker": "The frogs come in the second plague, after the Nile turns to blood and before the gnats.", "marker_window": "Moses and Aaron confront Pharaoh, before Israel leaves Egypt", "proof_label": "the frogs", "reason": "Exodus 8:1-15 records the frogs as the second plague, while Israel is still in Egypt. Israel leaves only after the death of the firstborn and the Passover in Exodus 12:29-42.", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": true }, { "id": 68, "chrono_rank": 71, "event": "Plague of Gnats", "description": "Dust becomes gnats on people and animals, and the magicians admit it is the finger of God.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Exodus 8:16-19", "Psalm 105:31" ], "marker": "The gnats come in the third plague, after the frogs and before the flies, while Israel is still in Egypt.", "marker_window": "Moses and Aaron confront Pharaoh, before Israel leaves Egypt", "proof_label": "the gnats", "reason": "The gnats come in the third plague, after the frogs and before the flies, while Israel is still in Egypt (Exodus 8:16-19; Exodus 8:20-32; Exodus 8:1-15).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": true }, { "id": 69, "chrono_rank": 72, "event": "Plague of Flies", "description": "Swarms of flies fill Egypt but spare Goshen where the Israelites live.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Exodus 8:20-32", "Psalm 78:45", "Psalm 105:31" ], "marker": "The flies come in the fourth plague, after the gnats and before the livestock die.", "marker_window": "Moses and Aaron confront Pharaoh, before Israel leaves Egypt", "proof_label": "the flies", "reason": "The flies come in the fourth plague, after the gnats and before the livestock die (Exodus 8:20-32; Exodus 9:1-7; Exodus 8:16-19).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": true }, { "id": 70, "chrono_rank": 73, "event": "Plague on Livestock", "description": "Egypt's livestock die while the Israelites' animals are untouched.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Exodus 9:1-7", "Psalm 78:48" ], "marker": "The livestock plague is the fifth plague, after the flies and before the boils.", "marker_window": "Moses and Aaron confront Pharaoh, before Israel leaves Egypt", "proof_label": "the livestock plague", "reason": "The livestock plague is the fifth plague, after the flies and before the boils (Exodus 9:1-7; Exodus 9:8-12; Exodus 8:20-32).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 71, "chrono_rank": 74, "event": "Plague of Boils", "description": "Ashes thrown into the air cause painful boils on the Egyptians and their animals.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Exodus 9:8-12" ], "marker": "The boils come in the sixth plague, after the livestock plague and before the hail.", "marker_window": "Moses and Aaron confront Pharaoh, before Israel leaves Egypt", "proof_label": "the boils", "reason": "The boils come in the sixth plague, after the livestock plague and before the hail (Exodus 9:8-12; Exodus 9:13-35; Exodus 9:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": true }, { "id": 72, "chrono_rank": 75, "event": "Plague of Hail", "description": "Hail and fire strike Egypt, destroying crops and anything left outdoors.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Exodus 9:13-35", "Psalm 78:47-48", "Psalm 105:32-33" ], "marker": "The hail comes in the seventh plague, after the boils and before the locusts.", "marker_window": "Moses and Aaron confront Pharaoh, before Israel leaves Egypt", "proof_label": "the hail", "reason": "The hail comes in the seventh plague, after the boils and before the locusts (Exodus 9:13-35; Exodus 10:1-20; Exodus 9:8-12).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 73, "chrono_rank": 76, "event": "Plague of Locusts", "description": "A locust swarm strips Egypt of every remaining green plant.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Exodus 10:1-20", "Psalm 78:46", "Psalm 105:34-35" ], "marker": "The locusts come in the eighth plague, after the hail and before the darkness.", "marker_window": "Moses and Aaron confront Pharaoh, before Israel leaves Egypt", "proof_label": "the locusts", "reason": "The locusts come in the eighth plague, after the hail and before the darkness (Exodus 10:1-20; Exodus 10:21-29; Exodus 9:13-35).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": true }, { "id": 74, "chrono_rank": 77, "event": "Plague of Darkness", "description": "Thick darkness covers Egypt for three days while the Israelites have light.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Exodus 10:21-29", "Psalm 105:28" ], "marker": "Darkness comes in the ninth plague, after the locusts and before the first Passover.", "marker_window": "Moses and Aaron confront Pharaoh, before Israel leaves Egypt", "proof_label": "the darkness", "reason": "Darkness comes in the ninth plague, after the locusts and before the first Passover (Exodus 10:21-29; Exodus 12:1-30; Exodus 10:1-20).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 75, "chrono_rank": 78, "event": "First Passover and Firstborn Death", "description": "Israel marks its doorposts with lamb's blood as the Lord strikes Egypt's firstborn.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Exodus 12:1-30", "Hebrews 11:28", "Psalm 78:51", "Psalm 105:36" ], "marker": "Israel keeps the first Passover on the night the firstborn die, just before Pharaoh releases them.", "marker_window": "Moses and Aaron confront Pharaoh, before Israel leaves Egypt", "proof_label": "the first Passover", "reason": "Israel keeps the first Passover on the night the firstborn die, just before Pharaoh releases them (Exodus 12:1-30; Exodus 12:31-42).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 76, "chrono_rank": 79, "event": "The Exodus from Egypt", "description": "Pharaoh drives Israel out, and some 600,000 men with their families leave after 430 years.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Exodus 12:31-42", "Numbers 33:3-4", "Acts 7:36" ], "marker": "Moses leads Israel out after the first Passover, before they cross the Red Sea.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel out of Egypt, before they reach Mount Sinai", "proof_label": "the exodus", "reason": "Moses leads Israel out after the first Passover, before they cross the Red Sea (Exodus 12:31-42; Exodus 14:1-31; Exodus 12:1-30).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 77, "chrono_rank": 80, "event": "Pillars of Cloud and Fire", "description": "God guides Israel by a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Exodus 13:17-22" ], "marker": "God guides Israel with cloud and fire after they leave Egypt, before the Red Sea crossing.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel out of Egypt, before they reach Mount Sinai", "proof_label": "the pillars of cloud and fire", "reason": "God guides Israel with cloud and fire after they leave Egypt, before the Red Sea crossing (Exodus 13:17-22; Exodus 14:1-31; Exodus 12:31-42).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 78, "chrono_rank": 81, "event": "Crossing the Red Sea", "description": "God parts the sea for Israel to cross on dry ground and then drowns the pursuing Egyptian army.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Exodus 14:1-31", "Psalm 106:9-12", "Hebrews 11:29" ], "marker": "Moses leads Israel through the Red Sea after leaving Egypt, before the song of Moses and Miriam.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel out of Egypt, before they reach Mount Sinai", "proof_label": "the Red Sea crossing", "reason": "Moses leads Israel through the Red Sea after leaving Egypt, before the song of Moses and Miriam (Exodus 14:1-31; Exodus 15:1-21; Exodus 12:31-42).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 79, "chrono_rank": 82, "event": "Song of Moses and Miriam", "description": "Israel celebrates the deliverance at the sea with a song, and Miriam leads the women with tambourines.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Exodus 15:1-21" ], "marker": "Moses and Miriam lead the song after the Red Sea crossing, before Israel reaches Marah.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel out of Egypt, before they reach Mount Sinai", "proof_label": "the song at the sea", "reason": "Moses and Miriam lead the song after the Red Sea crossing, before Israel reaches Marah (Exodus 15:1-21; Exodus 15:22-27; Exodus 14:1-31).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 80, "chrono_rank": 83, "event": "Bitter Waters of Marah", "description": "Moses throws a piece of wood into bitter water at Marah and it becomes sweet.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Exodus 15:22-27" ], "marker": "Israel reaches Marah after crossing the Red Sea, before receiving manna in the wilderness.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel out of Egypt, before they reach Mount Sinai", "proof_label": "Marah\u2019s bitter water", "reason": "Israel reaches Marah after crossing the Red Sea, before receiving manna in the wilderness (Exodus 15:22-27; Exodus 16:1-36; Exodus 14:1-31).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 81, "chrono_rank": 84, "event": "Manna and Quail", "description": "God sends quail and daily bread from heaven to feed Israel in the wilderness.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Exodus 16:1-36", "Psalm 78:23-29", "Psalm 105:40" ], "marker": "God gives Israel manna after Marah, before the people reach Rephidim and Mount Sinai.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel out of Egypt, before they reach Mount Sinai", "proof_label": "the first manna", "reason": "God gives Israel manna after Marah, before the people reach Rephidim and Mount Sinai (Exodus 16:1-36; Exodus 17:1-7; Exodus 19:1-25; Exodus 15:22-27).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 82, "chrono_rank": 85, "event": "Water from the Rock", "description": "At Rephidim Moses strikes a rock at God's command and water flows out for the people.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Exodus 17:1-7", "Psalm 78:15-16", "Psalm 105:41" ], "marker": "Moses brings water from the rock at Rephidim before the battle with Amalek, on the way to Sinai.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel out of Egypt, before they reach Mount Sinai", "proof_label": "water at Rephidim", "reason": "Moses brings water from the rock at Rephidim before the battle with Amalek, on the way to Sinai (Exodus 17:1-7; Exodus 17:8-16; Exodus 19:1-25).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 83, "chrono_rank": 86, "event": "Amalek Defeated", "description": "Israel defeats Amalek as long as Aaron and Hur hold up Moses' tired hands.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Exodus 17:8-16" ], "marker": "Joshua fights Amalek while Moses\u2019 hands are held up, before Israel reaches Sinai.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel out of Egypt, before they reach Mount Sinai", "proof_label": "the battle with Amalek", "reason": "Joshua fights Amalek while Moses\u2019 hands are held up, before Israel reaches Sinai (Exodus 17:8-16; Exodus 19:1-25).", "approx_date": "about 1446 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 85, "chrono_rank": 88, "event": "Israel Arrives at Sinai", "description": "God descends on Mount Sinai in thunder, fire, and smoke as the people consecrate themselves.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Exodus 19:1-25" ], "marker": "Moses brings Israel to Sinai after the exodus, before God speaks the Ten Commandments.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel at Mount Sinai, before the journey toward Canaan", "proof_label": "the arrival at Sinai", "reason": "Moses brings Israel to Sinai after the exodus, before God speaks the Ten Commandments (Exodus 19:1-25; Exodus 20:1-21; Exodus 12:31-42).", "approx_date": "about 1445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 86, "chrono_rank": 89, "event": "Ten Commandments Given", "description": "God speaks the Ten Commandments to Israel from Mount Sinai.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Exodus 20:1-21", "Deuteronomy 5:6-22" ], "marker": "God speaks the Ten Commandments at Sinai before the covenant is sealed and the golden calf is made.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel at Mount Sinai, before the journey toward Canaan", "proof_label": "the Ten Commandments", "reason": "God speaks the Ten Commandments at Sinai before the covenant is sealed and the golden calf is made (Exodus 20:1-21; Exodus 24:1-18; Exodus 32:1-35).", "approx_date": "about 1445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 87, "chrono_rank": 90, "event": "Covenant Sealed at Sinai", "description": "Israel agrees to obey the law, and Moses ascends the mountain for forty days.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Exodus 24:1-18" ], "marker": "Israel seals the covenant after hearing the commandments, before Moses goes up and the people make the calf.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel at Mount Sinai, before the journey toward Canaan", "proof_label": "the covenant at Sinai", "reason": "Israel seals the covenant after hearing the commandments, before Moses goes up and the people make the calf (Exodus 24:1-18; Exodus 32:1-35; Exodus 20:1-21).", "approx_date": "about 1445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 88, "chrono_rank": 91, "event": "The Golden Calf", "description": "While Moses is on the mountain, Aaron casts a golden calf for the people to worship, and Moses breaks the tablets in anger.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Exodus 32:1-35", "Deuteronomy 9:7-21", "Psalm 106:19-23" ], "marker": "Israel makes the golden calf while Moses is on Sinai, before God replaces the broken tablets.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel at Mount Sinai, before the journey toward Canaan", "proof_label": "the golden calf", "reason": "Israel makes the golden calf while Moses is on Sinai, before God replaces the broken tablets (Exodus 32:1-35; Exodus 34:1-28).", "approx_date": "about 1445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 89, "chrono_rank": 92, "event": "Moses Sees God's Glory", "description": "God lets his goodness pass by Moses, who is hidden in a cleft of the rock.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Exodus 33:12-23" ], "marker": "Moses asks to see God\u2019s glory after the golden calf, before receiving the replacement tablets.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel at Mount Sinai, before the journey toward Canaan", "proof_label": "Moses\u2019 request to see God\u2019s glory", "reason": "Moses asks to see God\u2019s glory after the golden calf, before receiving the replacement tablets (Exodus 33:12-23; Exodus 34:1-28; Exodus 32:1-35).", "approx_date": "about 1445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 90, "chrono_rank": 93, "event": "New Stone Tablets", "description": "God renews the covenant and writes the commandments again on new tablets.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Exodus 34:1-28", "Deuteronomy 10:1-5" ], "marker": "God gives Moses new tablets after the golden calf, before Moses returns with his radiant face.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel at Mount Sinai, before the journey toward Canaan", "proof_label": "the new tablets", "reason": "God gives Moses new tablets after the golden calf, before Moses returns with his radiant face (Exodus 34:1-28; Exodus 34:29-35; Exodus 32:1-35).", "approx_date": "about 1445 BC", "proof_plural": true }, { "id": 91, "chrono_rank": 94, "event": "Moses' Radiant Face", "description": "Moses' face shines after speaking with God, and he veils it before the people.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Exodus 34:29-35" ], "marker": "Moses\u2019 face shines when he returns with the new tablets, before the tabernacle is set up.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel at Mount Sinai, before the journey toward Canaan", "proof_label": "Moses\u2019 radiant face", "reason": "Moses\u2019 face shines when he returns with the new tablets, before the tabernacle is set up (Exodus 34:29-35; Exodus 40:1-38; Exodus 34:1-28).", "approx_date": "about 1445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 92, "chrono_rank": 95, "event": "Tabernacle Completed", "description": "Moses sets up the tabernacle, and God's glory fills it.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Exodus 40:1-38", "Numbers 9:15-23" ], "marker": "Moses sets up the tabernacle at Sinai before Aaron\u2019s ordination and before Israel moves on.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel at Mount Sinai, before the journey toward Canaan", "proof_label": "the tabernacle\u2019s completion", "reason": "Moses sets up the tabernacle at Sinai before Aaron\u2019s ordination and before Israel moves on (Exodus 40:1-38; Leviticus 8:1-36).", "approx_date": "about 1445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 93, "chrono_rank": 96, "event": "Aaron and Sons Ordained", "description": "Moses consecrates Aaron and his sons as priests with anointing oil and sacrifices.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Leviticus 8:1-36" ], "marker": "Aaron and his sons are ordained after the tabernacle is set up, before Nadab and Abihu die.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel at Mount Sinai, before the journey toward Canaan", "proof_label": "Aaron\u2019s ordination", "reason": "Aaron and his sons are ordained after the tabernacle is set up, before Nadab and Abihu die (Leviticus 8:1-36; Leviticus 10:1-7; Exodus 40:1-38).", "approx_date": "about 1445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 94, "chrono_rank": 97, "event": "Nadab and Abihu Die", "description": "Aaron's sons offer unauthorized fire before the Lord and are consumed by fire.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Leviticus 10:1-7" ], "marker": "Nadab and Abihu die after their ordination, while Israel is still at Sinai under Moses.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel at Mount Sinai, before the journey toward Canaan", "proof_label": "Nadab and Abihu\u2019s deaths", "reason": "Nadab and Abihu die after their ordination, while Israel is still at Sinai under Moses (Leviticus 10:1-7; Leviticus 8:1-36).", "approx_date": "about 1445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 98, "chrono_rank": 101, "event": "Israel Counted at Sinai", "description": "Moses and Aaron take a census of the men able to fight in every tribe except Levi.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Numbers 1:1-54" ], "marker": "Moses and Aaron count Israel at Sinai after the tabernacle is set up, before leaving the mountain.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel at Mount Sinai, before the journey toward Canaan", "proof_label": "the census at Sinai", "reason": "Moses and Aaron count Israel at Sinai after the tabernacle is set up, before leaving the mountain (Numbers 1:1-54; Exodus 40:1-38).", "approx_date": "about 1445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 100, "chrono_rank": 103, "event": "Quail and Craving", "description": "The people long for Egypt's food, and God sends quail but strikes those who crave it with a plague.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Numbers 11:4-35" ], "marker": "Israel craves meat after leaving Sinai, while Moses leads and Aaron is still alive.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel in the wilderness and Aaron is still alive", "proof_label": "the craving for meat", "reason": "Israel craves meat after leaving Sinai, while Moses leads and Aaron is still alive (Numbers 11:4-35; Numbers 1:1-54).", "approx_date": "about 1445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 101, "chrono_rank": 104, "event": "Miriam Struck with Leprosy", "description": "Miriam and Aaron criticize Moses, and Miriam is struck with leprosy for seven days.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Numbers 12:1-16" ], "marker": "Miriam challenges Moses after the journey from Sinai begins, before the spies are sent into Canaan.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel in the wilderness and Aaron is still alive", "proof_label": "Miriam\u2019s punishment", "reason": "Miriam challenges Moses after the journey from Sinai begins, before the spies are sent into Canaan (Numbers 12:1-16; Numbers 13:1-33; Numbers 1:1-54).", "approx_date": "about 1445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 102, "chrono_rank": 105, "event": "Twelve Spies Explore Canaan", "description": "Twelve men scout the land, and ten bring back a fearful report of giants.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Numbers 13:1-33", "Deuteronomy 1:19-33", "Joshua 14:6-9" ], "marker": "Moses sends twelve spies from the wilderness before Israel refuses to enter Canaan.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel in the wilderness and Aaron is still alive", "proof_label": "the spies\u2019 journey", "reason": "Moses sends twelve spies from the wilderness before Israel refuses to enter Canaan (Numbers 13:1-33; Numbers 14:1-45).", "approx_date": "about 1445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 103, "chrono_rank": 106, "event": "Israel Refuses to Enter", "description": "Israel rebels at the spies' report, and God decrees forty years of wandering.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Numbers 14:1-45", "Deuteronomy 1:34-46", "Psalm 106:24-27" ], "marker": "Israel refuses to enter after the spies return, beginning the years of wandering under Moses.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel in the wilderness and Aaron is still alive", "proof_label": "Israel\u2019s refusal to enter", "reason": "Israel refuses to enter after the spies return, beginning the years of wandering under Moses (Numbers 14:1-45; Numbers 13:1-33).", "approx_date": "about 1445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 104, "chrono_rank": 107, "event": "Korah's Rebellion", "description": "Korah and his followers challenge Moses and Aaron, and the earth swallows them.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Numbers 16:1-35", "Psalm 106:16-18" ], "marker": "Korah challenges Moses and Aaron during the wilderness years, before Aaron\u2019s staff blossoms.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel in the wilderness and Aaron is still alive", "proof_label": "Korah\u2019s rebellion", "reason": "Korah challenges Moses and Aaron during the wilderness years, before Aaron\u2019s staff blossoms (Numbers 16:1-35; Numbers 17:1-13).", "approx_date": "about 1440 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 105, "chrono_rank": 108, "event": "Aaron's Staff Blossoms", "description": "Aaron's staff buds and bears almonds overnight to confirm his priesthood.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Numbers 17:1-13", "Hebrews 9:4" ], "marker": "Aaron\u2019s staff blossoms after Korah\u2019s rebellion, confirming his priesthood while Moses leads Israel.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel in the wilderness and Aaron is still alive", "proof_label": "Aaron\u2019s blossoming staff", "reason": "Aaron\u2019s staff blossoms after Korah\u2019s rebellion, confirming his priesthood while Moses leads Israel (Numbers 17:1-13; Numbers 16:1-35).", "approx_date": "about 1440 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 106, "chrono_rank": 109, "event": "Moses Strikes the Rock", "description": "Moses strikes the rock twice in anger instead of speaking to it, and God bars him from the promised land.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Numbers 20:1-13", "Psalm 106:32-33" ], "marker": "Moses strikes the rock at Kadesh near the end of the wandering, before Aaron dies on Mount Hor.", "marker_window": "Moses leads Israel in the wilderness and Aaron is still alive", "proof_label": "Moses\u2019 second striking of the rock", "reason": "Moses strikes the rock at Kadesh near the end of the wandering, before Aaron dies on Mount Hor (Numbers 20:1-13; Numbers 20:22-29).", "approx_date": "about 1407 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 107, "chrono_rank": 110, "event": "Aaron Dies on Mount Hor", "description": "Aaron dies on Mount Hor, and his son Eleazar takes the priestly garments.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Numbers 20:22-29", "Deuteronomy 10:6", "Numbers 33:38-39" ], "marker": "Aaron dies on Mount Hor before the bronze serpent is raised, while Moses is still leading Israel.", "marker_window": "Moses still leads Israel, before his final addresses east of the Jordan", "proof_label": "Aaron\u2019s death", "reason": "Aaron dies on Mount Hor before the bronze serpent is raised, while Moses is still leading Israel (Numbers 20:22-29; Numbers 21:4-9; Deuteronomy 34:1-12).", "approx_date": "about 1407 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 108, "chrono_rank": 111, "event": "Bronze Serpent Raised", "description": "Moses lifts a bronze serpent on a pole, and snakebitten Israelites who look at it live.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Numbers 21:4-9", "John 3:14-15" ], "marker": "Moses raises the bronze serpent after Aaron\u2019s death, before Israel\u2019s victories over Sihon and Og.", "marker_window": "Moses still leads Israel, before his final addresses east of the Jordan", "proof_label": "the bronze serpent", "reason": "Moses raises the bronze serpent after Aaron\u2019s death, before Israel\u2019s victories over Sihon and Og (Numbers 21:4-9; Numbers 21:21-35; Numbers 20:22-29).", "approx_date": "about 1407 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 109, "chrono_rank": 112, "event": "Sihon and Og Defeated", "description": "Israel defeats the Amorite kings Sihon and Og and occupies their land east of the Jordan.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Numbers 21:21-35", "Deuteronomy 2:24-3:11", "Psalm 135:10-12", "Psalm 136:17-22" ], "marker": "Moses leads Israel against Sihon and Og before Balak summons Balaam, east of the Jordan.", "marker_window": "Moses still leads Israel, before his final addresses east of the Jordan", "proof_label": "the victories over Sihon and Og", "reason": "Moses leads Israel against Sihon and Og before Balak summons Balaam, east of the Jordan (Numbers 21:21-35; Numbers 22:21-35).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 110, "chrono_rank": 113, "event": "Balaam's Donkey Speaks", "description": "God opens the mouth of Balaam's donkey to rebuke him after it sees the angel of the Lord blocking the road.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Numbers 22:21-35", "2 Peter 2:15-16" ], "marker": "Balaam travels to meet Balak while Moses leads Israel, before blessing the people he was hired to curse.", "marker_window": "Moses still leads Israel, before his final addresses east of the Jordan", "proof_label": "Balaam\u2019s journey", "reason": "Balaam travels to meet Balak while Moses leads Israel, before blessing the people he was hired to curse (Numbers 22:21-35; Numbers 23:1-24:25).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 111, "chrono_rank": 114, "event": "Balaam Blesses Israel", "description": "Hired to curse Israel, Balaam can only speak blessings over the nation.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Numbers 23:1-24:25", "Joshua 24:9-10", "Micah 6:5" ], "marker": "Balaam blesses Israel after meeting Balak, before the trouble at Baal Peor and before Moses\u2019 death.", "marker_window": "Moses still leads Israel, before his final addresses east of the Jordan", "proof_label": "Balaam\u2019s blessings", "reason": "Balaam blesses Israel after meeting Balak, before the trouble at Baal Peor and before Moses\u2019 death (Numbers 23:1-24:25; Numbers 25:1-18; Deuteronomy 34:1-12; Numbers 22:21-35).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": true }, { "id": 112, "chrono_rank": 115, "event": "Phinehas at Baal Peor", "description": "Israel worships Baal of Peor, and Phinehas stops a plague by killing a man and woman in sin.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Numbers 25:1-18", "Psalm 106:28-31" ], "marker": "Phinehas intervenes at Baal Peor while Moses leads Israel, before the war against Midian.", "marker_window": "Moses still leads Israel, before his final addresses east of the Jordan", "proof_label": "Phinehas at Peor", "reason": "Phinehas intervenes at Baal Peor while Moses leads Israel, before the war against Midian (Numbers 25:1-18; Numbers 31:1-54).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 113, "chrono_rank": 116, "event": "Daughters of Zelophehad", "description": "Five sisters ask for their father's inheritance, and God rules they may receive it.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Numbers 27:1-11" ], "marker": "Zelophehad\u2019s daughters bring their case to Moses before his death and Israel\u2019s entry into Canaan.", "marker_window": "Moses still leads Israel, before his final addresses east of the Jordan", "proof_label": "the daughters\u2019 inheritance claim", "reason": "Zelophehad\u2019s daughters bring their case to Moses before his death and Israel\u2019s entry into Canaan (Numbers 27:1-11; Deuteronomy 34:1-12; Joshua 3:1-17).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 115, "chrono_rank": 118, "event": "War Against Midian", "description": "Israel attacks Midian in vengeance and kills Balaam, who had counseled the seduction at Peor.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Numbers 31:1-54" ], "marker": "Moses sends Israel against Midian after the trouble at Peor, before his final addresses and death.", "marker_window": "Moses still leads Israel, before his final addresses east of the Jordan", "proof_label": "the war against Midian", "reason": "Moses sends Israel against Midian after the trouble at Peor, before his final addresses and death (Numbers 31:1-54; Deuteronomy 6:4-9; Deuteronomy 34:1-12; Numbers 25:1-18).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 116, "chrono_rank": 119, "event": "The Shema Declared", "description": "Moses calls Israel to love the Lord with all their heart, soul, and strength.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Deuteronomy 6:4-9" ], "marker": "Moses gives the Shema in his final addresses east of the Jordan, before handing leadership to Joshua.", "marker_window": "Moses gives his final instructions, before Joshua leads Israel across the Jordan", "proof_label": "the Shema", "reason": "Moses gives the Shema in his final addresses east of the Jordan, before handing leadership to Joshua (Deuteronomy 6:4-9; Deuteronomy 31:1-8; Deuteronomy 34:1-12).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 117, "chrono_rank": 120, "event": "Blessings and Curses Ordered", "description": "Moses commands that the law be written on stones at Mount Ebal and that blessings and curses be pronounced from Gerizim and Ebal.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Deuteronomy 27:1-26" ], "marker": "Moses orders the blessings and curses before his death, looking ahead to Israel\u2019s life in Canaan.", "marker_window": "Moses gives his final instructions, before Joshua leads Israel across the Jordan", "proof_label": "the blessings and curses", "reason": "Moses orders the blessings and curses before his death, looking ahead to Israel\u2019s life in Canaan (Deuteronomy 27:1-26; Deuteronomy 34:1-12).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 118, "chrono_rank": 121, "event": "Moses Hands Over Leadership", "description": "At 120 years old, Moses tells Israel that Joshua will lead them across the Jordan.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Deuteronomy 31:1-8", "Deuteronomy 31:14-23" ], "marker": "Moses commissions Joshua before teaching his final song and before dying on Mount Nebo.", "marker_window": "Moses gives his final instructions, before Joshua leads Israel across the Jordan", "proof_label": "the handover to Joshua", "reason": "Moses commissions Joshua before teaching his final song and before dying on Mount Nebo (Deuteronomy 31:1-8; Deuteronomy 32:1-47; Deuteronomy 34:1-12).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 119, "chrono_rank": 122, "event": "Song of Moses", "description": "Moses teaches Israel a song recounting God's faithfulness and their coming unfaithfulness.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Deuteronomy 32:1-47" ], "marker": "Moses teaches his final song after commissioning Joshua, before blessing the tribes and dying.", "marker_window": "Moses gives his final instructions, before Joshua leads Israel across the Jordan", "proof_label": "Moses\u2019 final song", "reason": "Moses teaches his final song after commissioning Joshua, before blessing the tribes and dying (Deuteronomy 32:1-47; Deuteronomy 33:1-29; Deuteronomy 34:1-12; Deuteronomy 31:1-8).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 120, "chrono_rank": 123, "event": "Moses Blesses the Tribes", "description": "Before his death Moses pronounces a blessing on each of the tribes of Israel.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Deuteronomy 33:1-29" ], "marker": "Moses blesses the tribes after teaching his song, just before his death east of the Jordan.", "marker_window": "Moses gives his final instructions, before Joshua leads Israel across the Jordan", "proof_label": "Moses\u2019 final blessing", "reason": "Moses blesses the tribes after teaching his song, just before his death east of the Jordan (Deuteronomy 33:1-29; Deuteronomy 34:1-12; Deuteronomy 32:1-47).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 121, "chrono_rank": 124, "event": "Death of Moses", "description": "Moses views the promised land from Mount Nebo, dies, and is buried by God.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Deuteronomy 34:1-12", "Joshua 1:1-2", "Jude 9" ], "marker": "Moses dies east of the Jordan before Joshua takes command and leads Israel into Canaan.", "marker_window": "Moses has died and Joshua is taking command", "proof_label": "Moses\u2019 death", "reason": "Moses dies east of the Jordan before Joshua takes command and leads Israel into Canaan (Deuteronomy 34:1-12; Joshua 1:1-18; Joshua 3:1-17).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 122, "chrono_rank": 126, "event": "Joshua Takes Command", "description": "After Moses' death God commissions Joshua and tells him to be strong and courageous.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Joshua 1:1-18" ], "marker": "God commissions Joshua after Moses\u2019 death, before the spies visit Rahab and Israel crosses the Jordan.", "marker_window": "Joshua leads Israel in Canaan, after Moses\u2019 death", "proof_label": "Joshua\u2019s commission", "reason": "God commissions Joshua after Moses\u2019 death, before the spies visit Rahab and Israel crosses the Jordan (Joshua 1:1-18; Joshua 2:1-24; Joshua 3:1-17; Deuteronomy 34:1-12).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 123, "chrono_rank": 127, "event": "Rahab Hides the Spies", "description": "Rahab of Jericho hides two Israelite spies and is promised protection for her family.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Joshua 2:1-24", "Hebrews 11:31", "James 2:25" ], "marker": "Rahab hides Joshua\u2019s spies before Israel crosses the Jordan and before Jericho falls.", "marker_window": "Joshua leads Israel in Canaan, after Moses\u2019 death", "proof_label": "Rahab\u2019s protection of the spies", "reason": "Rahab hides Joshua\u2019s spies before Israel crosses the Jordan and before Jericho falls (Joshua 2:1-24; Joshua 3:1-17; Joshua 6:1-27).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 124, "chrono_rank": 128, "event": "Crossing the Jordan", "description": "The Jordan stops flowing as the priests carrying the ark step into it, and Israel crosses on dry ground.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Joshua 3:1-17", "Joshua 4:10-18", "Psalm 114:3-5" ], "marker": "Joshua leads Israel across the Jordan after Moses\u2019 death, before the memorial stones are set up.", "marker_window": "Joshua leads Israel in Canaan, after Moses\u2019 death", "proof_label": "the Jordan crossing", "reason": "Joshua leads Israel across the Jordan after Moses\u2019 death, before the memorial stones are set up (Joshua 3:1-17; Joshua 4:1-24; Deuteronomy 34:1-12).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 125, "chrono_rank": 129, "event": "Twelve Memorial Stones", "description": "Twelve stones are taken from the Jordan and set up at Gilgal as a memorial.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Joshua 4:1-24" ], "marker": "Joshua sets up the memorial stones after the Jordan crossing, before the Passover at Gilgal.", "marker_window": "Joshua leads Israel in Canaan, after Moses\u2019 death", "proof_label": "the memorial stones", "reason": "Joshua sets up the memorial stones after the Jordan crossing, before the Passover at Gilgal (Joshua 4:1-24; Joshua 5:2-12; Joshua 3:1-17).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 126, "chrono_rank": 130, "event": "Circumcision and Passover at Gilgal", "description": "Israel circumcises the new generation, keeps Passover, and the manna stops.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Joshua 5:2-12" ], "marker": "Israel keeps Passover at Gilgal after crossing the Jordan, before Joshua marches against Jericho.", "marker_window": "Joshua leads Israel in Canaan, after Moses\u2019 death", "proof_label": "the Passover at Gilgal", "reason": "Israel keeps Passover at Gilgal after crossing the Jordan, before Joshua marches against Jericho (Joshua 5:2-12; Joshua 6:1-27; Joshua 3:1-17).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 127, "chrono_rank": 131, "event": "Commander of the Lord's Army", "description": "A man with a drawn sword appears to Joshua and says he is commander of the Lord's army.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Joshua 5:13-15" ], "marker": "Joshua meets the commander near Jericho before the city\u2019s walls fall.", "marker_window": "Joshua leads Israel in Canaan, after Moses\u2019 death", "proof_label": "Joshua\u2019s meeting with the commander", "reason": "Joshua meets the commander near Jericho before the city\u2019s walls fall (Joshua 5:13-15; Joshua 6:1-27).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 128, "chrono_rank": 132, "event": "Walls of Jericho Fall", "description": "Israel marches around Jericho for seven days, and the walls collapse at the shout.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Joshua 6:1-27", "Hebrews 11:30" ], "marker": "Jericho falls under Joshua after the Jordan crossing, before Israel\u2019s defeat at Ai exposes Achan\u2019s sin.", "marker_window": "Joshua leads Israel in Canaan, after Moses\u2019 death", "proof_label": "Jericho\u2019s fall", "reason": "Jericho falls under Joshua after the Jordan crossing, before Israel\u2019s defeat at Ai exposes Achan\u2019s sin (Joshua 6:1-27; Joshua 7:1-26; Joshua 3:1-17).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 129, "chrono_rank": 133, "event": "Achan's Sin", "description": "Achan keeps forbidden plunder from Jericho, causing defeat at Ai until he is exposed and stoned.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Joshua 7:1-26" ], "marker": "Achan\u2019s sin is exposed after Jericho\u2019s fall, before Joshua captures Ai.", "marker_window": "Joshua leads Israel in Canaan, after Moses\u2019 death", "proof_label": "Achan\u2019s sin being exposed", "reason": "Achan\u2019s sin is exposed after Jericho\u2019s fall, before Joshua captures Ai (Joshua 7:1-26; Joshua 8:1-29; Joshua 6:1-27).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 130, "chrono_rank": 134, "event": "Ai Captured", "description": "Joshua uses an ambush to take Ai after the earlier defeat.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Joshua 8:1-29" ], "marker": "Joshua captures Ai after Achan\u2019s sin is dealt with, before the Gibeonites seek a treaty.", "marker_window": "Joshua leads Israel in Canaan, after Moses\u2019 death", "proof_label": "Ai\u2019s capture", "reason": "Joshua captures Ai after Achan\u2019s sin is dealt with, before the Gibeonites seek a treaty (Joshua 8:1-29; Joshua 9:1-27; Joshua 7:1-26).", "approx_date": "about 1406 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 131, "chrono_rank": 135, "event": "Gibeonites' Deception", "description": "The Gibeonites trick Israel into a peace treaty by pretending to come from a distant land.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Joshua 9:1-27" ], "marker": "The Gibeonites make their treaty with Joshua after Ai falls, before he fights to defend them.", "marker_window": "Joshua leads Israel in Canaan, after Moses\u2019 death", "proof_label": "the Gibeonite treaty", "reason": "The Gibeonites make their treaty with Joshua after Ai falls, before he fights to defend them (Joshua 9:1-27; Joshua 10:1-15; Joshua 8:1-29).", "approx_date": "about 1405 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 132, "chrono_rank": 136, "event": "Sun Stands Still", "description": "Joshua prays and the sun stands still over Gibeon while Israel defeats five Amorite kings.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Joshua 10:1-15", "Habakkuk 3:11" ], "marker": "The sun stands still while Joshua defends Gibeon, after the Gibeonites\u2019 treaty with Israel.", "marker_window": "Joshua leads Israel in Canaan, after Moses\u2019 death", "proof_label": "the sun standing still", "reason": "The sun stands still while Joshua defends Gibeon, after the Gibeonites\u2019 treaty with Israel (Joshua 10:1-15; Joshua 9:1-27).", "approx_date": "about 1405 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 133, "chrono_rank": 137, "event": "Caleb Receives Hebron", "description": "Eighty-five-year-old Caleb claims the hill country of Hebron as his inheritance.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Joshua 14:6-15", "Joshua 15:13-19", "Judges 1:10-15" ], "marker": "Caleb receives Hebron during the division of the land under Joshua, after the main conquest campaigns.", "marker_window": "Joshua leads Israel in Canaan, after Moses\u2019 death", "proof_label": "Caleb\u2019s inheritance", "reason": "Caleb receives Hebron during the division of the land under Joshua, after the main conquest campaigns (Joshua 14:6-15; Joshua 10:1-15).", "approx_date": "about 1399 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 134, "chrono_rank": 138, "event": "Covenant Renewed at Shechem", "description": "Joshua challenges Israel to choose whom they will serve, and the people pledge to serve the Lord.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Joshua 24:1-28" ], "marker": "Joshua renews the covenant at Shechem near the end of his life, before the later judges lead Israel.", "marker_window": "Joshua leads Israel in Canaan, after Moses\u2019 death", "proof_label": "the covenant at Shechem", "reason": "Joshua renews the covenant at Shechem near the end of his life, before the later judges lead Israel (Joshua 24:1-28; Joshua 24:29-33; Judges 3:7-11).", "approx_date": "about 1390 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 135, "chrono_rank": 139, "event": "Joshua Dies", "description": "Joshua dies at 110, and Joseph's bones are buried at Shechem.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Joshua 24:29-33", "Judges 2:6-9" ], "marker": "Joshua dies after renewing the covenant at Shechem, before the later judges deliver Israel.", "marker_window": "Joshua\u2019s leadership ends before the later judges deliver Israel", "proof_label": "Joshua\u2019s death", "reason": "Joshua dies after renewing the covenant at Shechem, before the later judges deliver Israel (Joshua 24:29-33; Judges 3:7-11; Joshua 24:1-28).", "approx_date": "about 1390 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 136, "chrono_rank": 142, "event": "Othniel Delivers Israel", "description": "Othniel defeats the king of Aram and brings forty years of peace.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Judges 3:7-11" ], "marker": "Othniel is the first named deliverer after Joshua\u2019s generation, before Ehud and long before Israel has kings.", "marker_window": "The judges lead Israel, before there is any Israelite king", "proof_label": "Othniel\u2019s deliverance", "reason": "Othniel is the first named deliverer after Joshua\u2019s generation, before Ehud and long before Israel has kings (Judges 3:7-11; Judges 3:12-30; 1 Samuel 9:1-10:16; Joshua 24:29-33).", "approx_date": "about 1360 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 137, "chrono_rank": 143, "event": "Ehud Kills Eglon", "description": "Left-handed Ehud assassinates the fat Moabite king Eglon with a hidden dagger.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Judges 3:12-30" ], "marker": "Ehud delivers Israel after Othniel\u2019s generation, before Deborah and Barak lead against Sisera.", "marker_window": "The judges lead Israel, before there is any Israelite king", "proof_label": "Ehud\u2019s victory", "reason": "Ehud delivers Israel after Othniel\u2019s generation, before Deborah and Barak lead against Sisera (Judges 3:12-30; Judges 4:1-24; Judges 3:7-11).", "approx_date": "about 1310 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 138, "chrono_rank": 144, "event": "Deborah, Barak and Jael Defeat Sisera", "description": "Deborah and Barak lead Israel against Sisera; Jael kills the fleeing commander.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Judges 4:1-24", "Judges 5:1-31", "Judges 4:17-22" ], "marker": "Deborah and Barak lead against Sisera in the judges\u2019 era, before Gideon\u2019s struggle with Midian.", "marker_window": "The judges lead Israel, before there is any Israelite king", "proof_label": "the defeat of Sisera", "reason": "Deborah and Barak lead against Sisera in the judges\u2019 era, before Gideon\u2019s struggle with Midian (Judges 4:1-24; Judges 6:11-24; 1 Samuel 9:1-10:16).", "approx_date": "about 1209 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 140, "chrono_rank": 146, "event": "Gideon Called", "description": "An angel of the Lord calls Gideon, who is threshing wheat in a winepress, to save Israel.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Judges 6:11-24" ], "marker": "God calls Gideon during Midian\u2019s oppression, before Gideon tears down his father\u2019s Baal altar.", "marker_window": "The judges lead Israel, before there is any Israelite king", "proof_label": "Gideon\u2019s call", "reason": "God calls Gideon during Midian\u2019s oppression, before Gideon tears down his father\u2019s Baal altar (Judges 6:11-24; Judges 6:25-32).", "approx_date": "about 1169 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 141, "chrono_rank": 147, "event": "Gideon Tears Down Baal's Altar", "description": "Gideon destroys his father's altar to Baal at night and earns the name Jerub-Baal.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Judges 6:25-32" ], "marker": "Gideon tears down the Baal altar after his call, before asking for the signs with the fleece.", "marker_window": "The judges lead Israel, before there is any Israelite king", "proof_label": "Gideon\u2019s destruction of the altar", "reason": "Gideon tears down the Baal altar after his call, before asking for the signs with the fleece (Judges 6:25-32; Judges 6:36-40; Judges 6:11-24).", "approx_date": "about 1169 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 142, "chrono_rank": 148, "event": "Gideon's Fleece", "description": "Gideon asks God for dew on a wool fleece alone, and then on the ground alone, as a sign.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Judges 6:36-40" ], "marker": "Gideon asks for the fleece signs before God reduces his army to three hundred men.", "marker_window": "The judges lead Israel, before there is any Israelite king", "proof_label": "Gideon\u2019s fleece", "reason": "Gideon asks for the fleece signs before God reduces his army to three hundred men (Judges 6:36-40; Judges 7:1-25).", "approx_date": "about 1169 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 143, "chrono_rank": 149, "event": "Gideon's Three Hundred", "description": "God reduces Gideon's army to 300 men, who rout Midian with trumpets, jars, and torches.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Judges 7:1-25", "Judges 8:1-21" ], "marker": "Gideon\u2019s three hundred defeat Midian before his son Abimelech\u2019s rise, while Israel still has no king.", "marker_window": "The judges lead Israel, before there is any Israelite king", "proof_label": "Gideon\u2019s victory", "reason": "Gideon\u2019s three hundred defeat Midian before his son Abimelech\u2019s rise, while Israel still has no king (Judges 7:1-25; Judges 9:50-57; 1 Samuel 9:1-10:16).", "approx_date": "about 1169 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 144, "chrono_rank": 150, "event": "Abimelech Killed by Millstone", "description": "A woman drops a millstone on Abimelech's head at Thebez, and he orders his armor-bearer to kill him.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Judges 9:50-57" ], "marker": "Abimelech\u2019s rule at Shechem ends after Gideon\u2019s lifetime, before Samson\u2019s generation.", "marker_window": "The judges lead Israel, before there is any Israelite king", "proof_label": "Abimelech\u2019s death", "reason": "Abimelech\u2019s rule at Shechem ends after Gideon\u2019s lifetime, before Samson\u2019s generation (Judges 9:50-57; Judges 13:1-25; Judges 7:1-25).", "approx_date": "about 1150 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 146, "chrono_rank": 156, "event": "Samson's Birth Foretold", "description": "An angel tells the wife of Manoah that she will bear a son who will be a Nazirite from birth.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Judges 13:1-25" ], "marker": "Samson\u2019s birth is promised during Philistine oppression, before his exploits and before Israel has kings.", "marker_window": "Samson lives in the time of the judges, before Israel has a king", "proof_label": "the promise of Samson\u2019s birth", "reason": "Samson\u2019s birth is promised during Philistine oppression, before his exploits and before Israel has kings (Judges 13:1-25; Judges 14:5-9; 1 Samuel 9:1-10:16).", "approx_date": "about 1110 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 147, "chrono_rank": 160, "event": "Samson Kills a Lion", "description": "Samson tears apart a young lion with his bare hands and later finds honey in its carcass.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Judges 14:5-9" ], "marker": "Samson kills the lion on the way to Timnah, before using it as the subject of his wedding riddle.", "marker_window": "Samson lives in the time of the judges, before Israel has a king", "proof_label": "Samson\u2019s encounter with the lion", "reason": "Samson kills the lion on the way to Timnah, before using it as the subject of his wedding riddle (Judges 14:5-9; Judges 14:10-20).", "approx_date": "about 1085 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 148, "chrono_rank": 161, "event": "Samson's Riddle", "description": "Samson poses a riddle at his wedding feast, and his wife betrays the answer.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Judges 14:10-20" ], "marker": "Samson poses the riddle at his wedding after killing the lion, before his later battles with the Philistines.", "marker_window": "Samson lives in the time of the judges, before Israel has a king", "proof_label": "Samson\u2019s riddle", "reason": "Samson poses the riddle at his wedding after killing the lion, before his later battles with the Philistines (Judges 14:10-20; Judges 15:9-17; Judges 14:5-9).", "approx_date": "about 1085 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 149, "chrono_rank": 162, "event": "Jawbone of a Donkey", "description": "Samson kills a thousand Philistines with the jawbone of a donkey.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Judges 15:9-17" ], "marker": "Samson fights with the jawbone during his clashes with the Philistines, before his betrayal by Delilah.", "marker_window": "Samson lives in the time of the judges, before Israel has a king", "proof_label": "Samson\u2019s victory with the jawbone", "reason": "Samson fights with the jawbone during his clashes with the Philistines, before his betrayal by Delilah (Judges 15:9-17; Judges 16:4-22).", "approx_date": "about 1080 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 150, "chrono_rank": 163, "event": "Samson Carries Off Gaza's Gates", "description": "Samson lifts the doors and posts of Gaza's city gate and carries them away.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Judges 16:1-3" ], "marker": "Samson carries off Gaza\u2019s gates before Delilah betrays him, while he still has his strength.", "marker_window": "Samson lives in the time of the judges, before Israel has a king", "proof_label": "the gates of Gaza", "reason": "Samson carries off Gaza\u2019s gates before Delilah betrays him, while he still has his strength (Judges 16:1-3; Judges 16:4-22).", "approx_date": "about 1078 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 151, "chrono_rank": 164, "event": "Delilah Betrays Samson", "description": "Delilah discovers the secret of Samson\u2019s consecration; the Philistines shave his head, capture him, and blind him.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Judges 16:4-22" ], "marker": "Delilah betrays Samson before the Philistines bring him to their temple for his final act.", "marker_window": "Samson lives in the time of the judges, before Israel has a king", "proof_label": "Delilah\u2019s betrayal", "reason": "Delilah betrays Samson before the Philistines bring him to their temple for his final act (Judges 16:4-22; Judges 16:23-31).", "approx_date": "about 1075 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 152, "chrono_rank": 168, "event": "Samson's Final Act", "description": "Samson pushes apart the pillars of Dagon's temple and brings it down on himself and the Philistines.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Judges 16:23-31" ], "marker": "Samson dies bringing down the Philistine temple in the time of the judges, before Israel has any king.", "marker_window": "Samson lives in the time of the judges, before Israel has a king", "proof_label": "Samson\u2019s final act", "reason": "Samson dies bringing down the Philistine temple in the time of the judges, before Israel has any king (Judges 16:23-31; 1 Samuel 9:1-10:16).", "approx_date": "about 1055 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 166, "chrono_rank": 170, "event": "Israel Demands a King", "description": "The elders ask Samuel for a king like other nations, and God grants it despite warnings.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Samuel 8:1-22" ], "marker": "Israel asks Samuel for a king before he anoints Saul, ending the era without a monarchy.", "marker_window": "Samuel leads Israel, before Saul becomes its first king", "proof_label": "the demand for a king", "reason": "Israel asks Samuel for a king before he anoints Saul, ending the era without a monarchy (1 Samuel 8:1-22; 1 Samuel 9:1-10:16).", "approx_date": "about 1050 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 167, "chrono_rank": 171, "event": "Samuel Anoints Saul", "description": "Saul goes searching for lost donkeys and is anointed privately as Israel's first king.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Samuel 9:1-10:16" ], "marker": "Samuel anoints Saul before he rescues Jabesh-gilead and long before David becomes king.", "marker_window": "Saul is Israel\u2019s king and Samuel is still alive", "proof_label": "Saul\u2019s anointing", "reason": "Samuel anoints Saul before he rescues Jabesh-gilead and long before David becomes king (1 Samuel 9:1-10:16; 1 Samuel 11:1-15; 2 Samuel 2:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 1050 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 168, "chrono_rank": 172, "event": "Saul Rescues Jabesh-gilead", "description": "Saul musters Israel to rescue Jabesh-gilead from the Ammonite king Nahash.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "1 Samuel 11:1-15" ], "marker": "Saul rescues Jabesh-gilead early in his reign, before his unlawful sacrifice at Gilgal.", "marker_window": "Saul is Israel\u2019s king and Samuel is still alive", "proof_label": "the rescue of Jabesh-gilead", "reason": "Saul rescues Jabesh-gilead early in his reign, before his unlawful sacrifice at Gilgal (1 Samuel 11:1-15; 1 Samuel 13:8-14; 1 Samuel 9:1-10:16).", "approx_date": "about 1049 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 169, "chrono_rank": 173, "event": "Saul's Unlawful Sacrifice", "description": "Saul offers the sacrifice himself rather than wait for Samuel, who tells him his kingdom will not last.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "1 Samuel 13:8-14" ], "marker": "Saul offers the unlawful sacrifice while Samuel is alive, before Jonathan\u2019s attack on the Philistine outpost.", "marker_window": "Saul is Israel\u2019s king and Samuel is still alive", "proof_label": "Saul\u2019s unlawful sacrifice", "reason": "Saul offers the unlawful sacrifice while Samuel is alive, before Jonathan\u2019s attack on the Philistine outpost (1 Samuel 13:8-14; 1 Samuel 14:1-23).", "approx_date": "about 1048 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 170, "chrono_rank": 174, "event": "Jonathan Attacks the Philistines", "description": "Jonathan and his armor-bearer climb a cliff and strike a Philistine outpost, throwing the army into panic.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "1 Samuel 14:1-23" ], "marker": "Jonathan attacks the Philistine outpost during Saul\u2019s reign, before the incident with the honey.", "marker_window": "Saul is Israel\u2019s king and Samuel is still alive", "proof_label": "Jonathan\u2019s attack", "reason": "Jonathan attacks the Philistine outpost during Saul\u2019s reign, before the incident with the honey (1 Samuel 14:1-23; 1 Samuel 14:24-46).", "approx_date": "about 1048 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 171, "chrono_rank": 175, "event": "Jonathan's Honey", "description": "Jonathan eats honey in ignorance of Saul's rash oath, and the troops rescue him from execution.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "1 Samuel 14:24-46" ], "marker": "Jonathan eats the honey during the aftermath of his attack, before Saul\u2019s campaign against Amalek.", "marker_window": "Saul is Israel\u2019s king and Samuel is still alive", "proof_label": "Jonathan and the honey", "reason": "Jonathan eats the honey during the aftermath of his attack, before Saul\u2019s campaign against Amalek (1 Samuel 14:24-46; 1 Samuel 15:1-35; 1 Samuel 14:1-23).", "approx_date": "about 1048 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 172, "chrono_rank": 176, "event": "Saul Spares Agag", "description": "Saul spares King Agag and the best livestock of Amalek, and God rejects him as king.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "1 Samuel 15:1-35" ], "marker": "Saul spares Agag before Samuel anoints David, while Saul is still Israel\u2019s king.", "marker_window": "Saul is Israel\u2019s king and Samuel is still alive", "proof_label": "Saul\u2019s sparing of Agag", "reason": "Saul spares Agag before Samuel anoints David, while Saul is still Israel\u2019s king (1 Samuel 15:1-35; 1 Samuel 16:1-13).", "approx_date": "about 1040 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 173, "chrono_rank": 177, "event": "David Anointed", "description": "Samuel anoints the youngest son of Jesse as the next king in Bethlehem.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Samuel 16:1-13" ], "marker": "Samuel anoints David while Saul is still king, before David faces Goliath.", "marker_window": "Saul is Israel\u2019s king and Samuel is still alive", "proof_label": "David\u2019s anointing", "reason": "Samuel anoints David while Saul is still king, before David faces Goliath (1 Samuel 16:1-13; 1 Samuel 17:1-58; 1 Samuel 31:1-13).", "approx_date": "about 1025 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 175, "chrono_rank": 179, "event": "David Defeats Goliath", "description": "David kills the Philistine champion Goliath with a sling and a stone.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "1 Samuel 17:1-58" ], "marker": "David fights Goliath while Saul is Israel\u2019s king and Samuel is still alive.", "marker_window": "Saul is still king, before David takes the throne", "proof_label": "Goliath\u2019s defeat", "reason": "David fights Goliath while Saul is Israel\u2019s king and Samuel is still alive (1 Samuel 17:1-58; 1 Samuel 31:1-13; 1 Samuel 25:1-44; 1 Samuel 16:1-13).", "approx_date": "about 1025 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 176, "chrono_rank": 180, "event": "David and Jonathan's Covenant", "description": "Jonathan makes a covenant of friendship with David and gives him his robe and weapons.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Samuel 18:1-5" ], "marker": "David and Jonathan make their covenant after Goliath\u2019s defeat, while Saul is still king.", "marker_window": "Saul is still king, before David takes the throne", "proof_label": "David and Jonathan\u2019s covenant", "reason": "David and Jonathan make their covenant after Goliath\u2019s defeat, while Saul is still king (1 Samuel 18:1-5; 1 Samuel 31:1-13; 1 Samuel 17:1-58).", "approx_date": "about 1024 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 177, "chrono_rank": 181, "event": "Saul Hurls a Spear", "description": "Jealous of David's popularity, Saul throws a spear at him.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "1 Samuel 18:6-16" ], "marker": "Saul hurls his spear as jealousy of David grows after Goliath\u2019s defeat, before David flees from Saul.", "marker_window": "Saul is still king, before David takes the throne", "proof_label": "Saul\u2019s attack on David", "reason": "Saul hurls his spear as jealousy of David grows after Goliath\u2019s defeat, before David flees from Saul (1 Samuel 18:6-16; 1 Samuel 19:11-17; 1 Samuel 17:1-58).", "approx_date": "about 1024 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 178, "chrono_rank": 182, "event": "Michal Helps David Escape", "description": "Michal lowers David through a window and puts an idol in his bed to fool Saul's men.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "1 Samuel 19:11-17" ], "marker": "Michal helps David escape after Saul\u2019s attacks on him, before Jonathan warns him to leave.", "marker_window": "Saul is still king, before David takes the throne", "proof_label": "David\u2019s escape with Michal\u2019s help", "reason": "Michal helps David escape after Saul\u2019s attacks on him, before Jonathan warns him to leave (1 Samuel 19:11-17; 1 Samuel 20:1-42; 1 Samuel 18:6-16).", "approx_date": "about 1023 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 179, "chrono_rank": 183, "event": "Jonathan Warns David", "description": "Jonathan shoots arrows as a signal to warn David that Saul wants him dead.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "1 Samuel 20:1-42" ], "marker": "Jonathan warns David while Saul is still king, before David goes to the priests at Nob.", "marker_window": "Saul is still king, before David takes the throne", "proof_label": "Jonathan\u2019s warning", "reason": "Jonathan warns David while Saul is still king, before David goes to the priests at Nob (1 Samuel 20:1-42; 1 Samuel 21:1-6).", "approx_date": "about 1023 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 180, "chrono_rank": 184, "event": "David Eats the Holy Bread", "description": "David and his men eat the consecrated bread from the priest Ahimelech at Nob.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "1 Samuel 21:1-6", "Matthew 12:3-4", "Mark 2:25-26", "Luke 6:3-4" ], "marker": "David eats the holy bread while fleeing Saul, before seeking refuge with Achish at Gath.", "marker_window": "Saul is still king, before David takes the throne", "proof_label": "David\u2019s meal at Nob", "reason": "David eats the holy bread while fleeing Saul, before seeking refuge with Achish at Gath (1 Samuel 21:1-6; 1 Samuel 21:10-15).", "approx_date": "about 1022 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 181, "chrono_rank": 185, "event": "David Feigns Madness", "description": "David pretends to be insane before King Achish of Gath to escape.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "1 Samuel 21:10-15" ], "marker": "David pretends to be mad before Achish after visiting Nob, while Saul still rules Israel.", "marker_window": "Saul is still king, before David takes the throne", "proof_label": "David\u2019s feigned madness", "reason": "David pretends to be mad before Achish after visiting Nob, while Saul still rules Israel (1 Samuel 21:10-15; 1 Samuel 31:1-13; 1 Samuel 21:1-6).", "approx_date": "about 1022 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 182, "chrono_rank": 186, "event": "Doeg Massacres the Priests", "description": "On Saul's order Doeg the Edomite kills eighty-five priests at Nob.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "1 Samuel 22:6-23" ], "marker": "Saul has the priests at Nob killed after they help David, before David spares Saul in the cave.", "marker_window": "Saul is still king, before David takes the throne", "proof_label": "the massacre at Nob", "reason": "Saul has the priests at Nob killed after they help David, before David spares Saul in the cave (1 Samuel 22:6-23; 1 Samuel 24:1-22; 1 Samuel 21:1-6).", "approx_date": "about 1022 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 183, "chrono_rank": 188, "event": "David Spares Saul in the Cave", "description": "David cuts off a corner of Saul's robe in a cave but refuses to kill him.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Samuel 24:1-22" ], "marker": "David spares Saul in the cave while Samuel is still alive, before Abigail intervenes with David.", "marker_window": "Saul is still king, before David takes the throne", "proof_label": "David\u2019s mercy in the cave", "reason": "David spares Saul in the cave while Samuel is still alive, before Abigail intervenes with David (1 Samuel 24:1-22; 1 Samuel 25:1-44).", "approx_date": "about 1015 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 184, "chrono_rank": 189, "event": "Abigail Intercedes", "description": "Abigail brings food to David and stops him from killing her foolish husband Nabal.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Samuel 25:1-44" ], "marker": "Samuel has died when Abigail meets David, but Saul is still king.", "marker_window": "Saul\u2019s reign is ending, before David becomes king of Judah", "proof_label": "Abigail\u2019s intervention", "reason": "Samuel has died when Abigail meets David, but Saul is still king (1 Samuel 25:1-44; 1 Samuel 31:1-13).", "approx_date": "about 1013 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 185, "chrono_rank": 190, "event": "David Takes Saul's Spear", "description": "David sneaks into Saul's camp and takes his spear and water jug but spares his life.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "1 Samuel 26:1-25" ], "marker": "David takes Saul\u2019s spear after sparing him in the cave and after Samuel\u2019s death.", "marker_window": "Saul\u2019s reign is ending, before David becomes king of Judah", "proof_label": "David\u2019s taking of the spear", "reason": "David takes Saul\u2019s spear after sparing him in the cave and after Samuel\u2019s death (1 Samuel 26:1-25; 1 Samuel 31:1-13; 1 Samuel 24:1-22; 1 Samuel 25:1-44).", "approx_date": "about 1012 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 188, "chrono_rank": 193, "event": "Saul and Jonathan Die", "description": "Saul and his sons die at Mount Gilboa fighting the Philistines.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Samuel 31:1-13", "1 Chronicles 10:1-14" ], "marker": "Saul and Jonathan die at Gilboa before David becomes king of Judah.", "marker_window": "Saul\u2019s reign is ending, before David becomes king of Judah", "proof_label": "Saul\u2019s death", "reason": "Saul and Jonathan die at Gilboa before David becomes king of Judah (1 Samuel 31:1-13; 2 Samuel 2:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 1010 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 189, "chrono_rank": 194, "event": "David's Lament for Saul", "description": "David mourns Saul and Jonathan with a song of lament.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "2 Samuel 1:1-27" ], "marker": "David laments Saul and Jonathan after their deaths, before becoming king of Judah.", "marker_window": "Saul is dead and David rules Judah, before he rules all Israel", "proof_label": "David\u2019s lament", "reason": "David laments Saul and Jonathan after their deaths, before becoming king of Judah (2 Samuel 1:1-27; 2 Samuel 2:1-7; 1 Samuel 31:1-13).", "approx_date": "about 1010 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 190, "chrono_rank": 195, "event": "David Anointed over Judah", "description": "The men of Judah anoint David king at Hebron.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "2 Samuel 2:1-7" ], "marker": "David becomes king of Judah after Saul\u2019s death, before he rules all Israel.", "marker_window": "Saul is dead and David rules Judah, before he rules all Israel", "proof_label": "David\u2019s kingship over Judah", "reason": "David becomes king of Judah after Saul\u2019s death, before he rules all Israel (2 Samuel 2:1-7; 2 Samuel 5:1-10; 1 Samuel 31:1-13).", "approx_date": "about 1010 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 191, "chrono_rank": 196, "event": "Joab Murders Abner", "description": "Joab kills Abner at Hebron, and David publicly mourns him.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "2 Samuel 3:22-39" ], "marker": "Joab kills Abner while David rules Judah, before Ish-bosheth\u2019s death and David\u2019s rule over all Israel.", "marker_window": "Saul is dead and David rules Judah, before he rules all Israel", "proof_label": "Abner\u2019s death", "reason": "Joab kills Abner while David rules Judah, before Ish-bosheth\u2019s death and David\u2019s rule over all Israel (2 Samuel 3:22-39; 2 Samuel 4:1-12; 2 Samuel 5:1-10; 2 Samuel 2:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 1004 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 192, "chrono_rank": 197, "event": "Ish-bosheth Assassinated", "description": "Two captains murder Saul's son Ish-bosheth in his bed, and David executes them.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "2 Samuel 4:1-12" ], "marker": "Ish-bosheth dies after Abner, before the tribes make David king over all Israel.", "marker_window": "Saul is dead and David rules Judah, before he rules all Israel", "proof_label": "Ish-bosheth\u2019s death", "reason": "Ish-bosheth dies after Abner, before the tribes make David king over all Israel (2 Samuel 4:1-12; 2 Samuel 5:1-10; 2 Samuel 3:22-39).", "approx_date": "about 1003 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 193, "chrono_rank": 198, "event": "David Captures Jerusalem", "description": "All Israel anoints David king, and he takes the stronghold of Zion from the Jebusites.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Samuel 5:1-10", "1 Chronicles 11:1-9" ], "marker": "David takes Jerusalem after becoming king over all Israel, following his years ruling Judah.", "marker_window": "David rules Israel from Jerusalem, before Solomon takes the throne", "proof_label": "David\u2019s capture of Jerusalem", "reason": "David takes Jerusalem after becoming king over all Israel, following his years ruling Judah (2 Samuel 5:1-10; 2 Samuel 6:1-23; 2 Samuel 2:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 1003 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 194, "chrono_rank": 199, "event": "Ark Brought to Jerusalem", "description": "Uzzah dies touching the ark, and David later brings it to Jerusalem dancing before it.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Samuel 6:1-23", "1 Chronicles 13:1-14", "1 Chronicles 15:1-16:43" ], "marker": "David brings the ark to Jerusalem after taking the city and becoming king of all Israel.", "marker_window": "David rules Israel from Jerusalem, before Solomon takes the throne", "proof_label": "the ark\u2019s arrival in Jerusalem", "reason": "David brings the ark to Jerusalem after taking the city and becoming king of all Israel (2 Samuel 6:1-23; 2 Samuel 5:1-10).", "approx_date": "about 1000 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 195, "chrono_rank": 200, "event": "Davidic Covenant", "description": "God promises David an everlasting dynasty through his offspring.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Samuel 7:1-17", "1 Chronicles 17:1-27" ], "marker": "God promises David a lasting dynasty after the ark comes to Jerusalem, before the Bathsheba episode.", "marker_window": "David rules Israel from Jerusalem, before Solomon takes the throne", "proof_label": "the promise to David", "reason": "God promises David a lasting dynasty after the ark comes to Jerusalem, before the Bathsheba episode (2 Samuel 7:1-17; 2 Samuel 11:1-27; 2 Samuel 6:1-23).", "approx_date": "about 998 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 197, "chrono_rank": 202, "event": "David and Bathsheba", "description": "David sleeps with Bathsheba and arranges the death of her husband Uriah.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "2 Samuel 11:1-27" ], "marker": "David takes Bathsheba during his reign in Jerusalem, before Nathan confronts him.", "marker_window": "David rules Israel from Jerusalem, before Solomon takes the throne", "proof_label": "David and Bathsheba", "reason": "David takes Bathsheba during his reign in Jerusalem, before Nathan confronts him (2 Samuel 11:1-27; 2 Samuel 12:1-25).", "approx_date": "about 990 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 198, "chrono_rank": 203, "event": "Nathan Confronts David", "description": "Nathan's parable of a stolen lamb leads David to repent, though the child dies.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Samuel 12:1-25" ], "marker": "Nathan confronts David after Uriah\u2019s death, before Absalom\u2019s later rebellion.", "marker_window": "David rules Israel from Jerusalem, before Solomon takes the throne", "proof_label": "Nathan\u2019s confrontation", "reason": "Nathan confronts David after Uriah\u2019s death, before Absalom\u2019s later rebellion (2 Samuel 12:1-25; 2 Samuel 15:1-37; 2 Samuel 11:1-27).", "approx_date": "about 989 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 200, "chrono_rank": 205, "event": "Absalom's Rebellion", "description": "Absalom wins the people's hearts and declares himself king at Hebron, driving David from Jerusalem.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Samuel 15:1-37" ], "marker": "Absalom rebels while David rules Israel, forcing David to flee Jerusalem before the battle in the forest.", "marker_window": "David rules Israel from Jerusalem, before Solomon takes the throne", "proof_label": "Absalom\u2019s rebellion", "reason": "Absalom rebels while David rules Israel, forcing David to flee Jerusalem before the battle in the forest (2 Samuel 15:1-37; 2 Samuel 18:1-33).", "approx_date": "about 976 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 201, "chrono_rank": 206, "event": "Shimei Curses David", "description": "Shimei throws stones and curses at David as he flees, and David refuses to punish him.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "2 Samuel 16:5-14" ], "marker": "Shimei curses David as he flees Absalom, before Absalom dies in battle.", "marker_window": "David rules Israel from Jerusalem, before Solomon takes the throne", "proof_label": "Shimei\u2019s curses", "reason": "Shimei curses David as he flees Absalom, before Absalom dies in battle (2 Samuel 16:5-14; 2 Samuel 18:1-33; 2 Samuel 15:1-37).", "approx_date": "about 976 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 202, "chrono_rank": 207, "event": "Absalom Dies in the Oak", "description": "Absalom is caught by his head in a tree, and Joab kills him while David later mourns.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Samuel 18:1-33" ], "marker": "Absalom dies during his rebellion against David, before David returns and faces Sheba\u2019s revolt.", "marker_window": "David rules Israel from Jerusalem, before Solomon takes the throne", "proof_label": "Absalom\u2019s death", "reason": "Absalom dies during his rebellion against David, before David returns and faces Sheba\u2019s revolt (2 Samuel 18:1-33; 2 Samuel 20:1-22; 2 Samuel 15:1-37).", "approx_date": "about 976 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 203, "chrono_rank": 208, "event": "Sheba's Revolt", "description": "Sheba son of Bichri rebels, and a woman of Abel Beth Maacah has his head thrown over the wall.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "2 Samuel 20:1-22" ], "marker": "Sheba rebels after Absalom\u2019s defeat, while David is still king and before Solomon succeeds him.", "marker_window": "David rules Israel from Jerusalem, before Solomon takes the throne", "proof_label": "Sheba\u2019s revolt", "reason": "Sheba rebels after Absalom\u2019s defeat, while David is still king and before Solomon succeeds him (2 Samuel 20:1-22; 1 Kings 1:1-53; 2 Samuel 18:1-33).", "approx_date": "about 975 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 206, "chrono_rank": 213, "event": "Solomon Anointed King", "description": "Adonijah tries to seize the throne, but David has Solomon anointed king.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Kings 1:1-53", "1 Chronicles 29:22-25" ], "marker": "David is still alive when Solomon is anointed, before Solomon asks God for wisdom.", "marker_window": "David is still alive as Solomon succeeds him", "proof_label": "Solomon\u2019s anointing", "reason": "David is still alive when Solomon is anointed, before Solomon asks God for wisdom (1 Kings 1:1-53; 1 Kings 3:3-15; 1 Kings 2:10-12).", "approx_date": "about 971 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 207, "chrono_rank": 214, "event": "David Dies", "description": "David dies after reigning forty years, and Solomon's kingdom is firmly established.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "1 Kings 2:10-12", "1 Chronicles 29:26-30" ], "marker": "David dies after Solomon is anointed but before Solomon asks God for wisdom.", "marker_window": "Solomon succeeds David, before the kingdom divides", "proof_label": "David\u2019s death", "reason": "David dies after Solomon is anointed but before Solomon asks God for wisdom (1 Kings 2:10-12; 1 Kings 3:3-15; 1 Kings 1:1-53).", "approx_date": "about 970 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 208, "chrono_rank": 215, "event": "Solomon Asks for Wisdom", "description": "God offers Solomon anything, and he asks for an understanding heart.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "1 Kings 3:3-15", "2 Chronicles 1:1-13" ], "marker": "Solomon asks God for wisdom after David\u2019s death, before he builds the temple.", "marker_window": "Solomon rules a united Israel, before the kingdom divides", "proof_label": "Solomon\u2019s request for wisdom", "reason": "Solomon asks God for wisdom after David\u2019s death, before he builds the temple (1 Kings 3:3-15; 1 Kings 6:1-38; 1 Kings 2:10-12).", "approx_date": "about 970 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 209, "chrono_rank": 216, "event": "Solomon Judges Two Mothers", "description": "Solomon proposes cutting a baby in two and identifies the real mother by her compassion.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "1 Kings 3:16-28" ], "marker": "Solomon judges between the two mothers after asking for wisdom, before building the temple.", "marker_window": "Solomon rules a united Israel, before the kingdom divides", "proof_label": "Solomon\u2019s judgment", "reason": "Solomon judges between the two mothers after asking for wisdom, before building the temple (1 Kings 3:16-28; 1 Kings 6:1-38; 1 Kings 3:3-15).", "approx_date": "about 970 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 210, "chrono_rank": 217, "event": "Solomon Builds the Temple", "description": "Solomon builds the temple in Jerusalem in seven years.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Kings 6:1-38", "2 Chronicles 3:1-5:1" ], "marker": "Solomon builds the temple before its dedication, while Israel is still one kingdom.", "marker_window": "Solomon rules a united Israel, before the kingdom divides", "proof_label": "the temple\u2019s construction", "reason": "Solomon builds the temple before its dedication, while Israel is still one kingdom (1 Kings 6:1-38; 1 Kings 8:1-66).", "approx_date": "about 966 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 211, "chrono_rank": 218, "event": "Temple Dedicated", "description": "The ark is placed in the temple, God's glory fills it, and Solomon prays and offers sacrifices.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Kings 8:1-66", "2 Chronicles 5:2-7:10", "2 Chronicles 7:1-3" ], "marker": "Solomon dedicates the completed temple before the queen of Sheba visits him.", "marker_window": "Solomon rules a united Israel, before the kingdom divides", "proof_label": "the temple\u2019s dedication", "reason": "Solomon dedicates the completed temple before the queen of Sheba visits him (1 Kings 8:1-66; 1 Kings 10:1-13; 1 Kings 6:1-38).", "approx_date": "about 959 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 212, "chrono_rank": 220, "event": "Queen of Sheba Visits", "description": "The queen of Sheba tests Solomon with hard questions and is overwhelmed by his wisdom and wealth.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "1 Kings 10:1-13", "2 Chronicles 9:1-12" ], "marker": "The queen of Sheba visits Solomon after the temple is completed and dedicated, while Israel is still united.", "marker_window": "Solomon rules a united Israel, before the kingdom divides", "proof_label": "the queen of Sheba\u2019s visit", "reason": "The queen of Sheba visits Solomon after the temple is completed and dedicated, while Israel is still united (1 Kings 10:1-13; 1 Kings 12:1-24; 1 Kings 6:1-38; 1 Kings 8:1-66).", "approx_date": "about 950 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 213, "chrono_rank": 221, "event": "Solomon's Idolatry", "description": "Solomon's foreign wives turn his heart to other gods, and God announces the kingdom will be torn away.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Kings 11:1-13" ], "marker": "Solomon turns to other gods in his old age, before his death and the kingdom\u2019s division.", "marker_window": "Solomon rules a united Israel, before the kingdom divides", "proof_label": "Solomon\u2019s idolatry", "reason": "Solomon turns to other gods in his old age, before his death and the kingdom\u2019s division (1 Kings 11:1-13; 1 Kings 12:1-24).", "approx_date": "about 935 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 214, "chrono_rank": 222, "event": "Ahijah Tears the Cloak", "description": "The prophet Ahijah tears his cloak in twelve pieces and gives ten to Jeroboam as a sign.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "1 Kings 11:26-40" ], "marker": "Ahijah promises Jeroboam ten tribes while Solomon is still alive, before the kingdom divides.", "marker_window": "Solomon rules a united Israel, before the kingdom divides", "proof_label": "Ahijah\u2019s torn cloak", "reason": "Ahijah promises Jeroboam ten tribes while Solomon is still alive, before the kingdom divides (1 Kings 11:26-40; 1 Kings 12:1-24).", "approx_date": "about 935 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 215, "chrono_rank": 223, "event": "Kingdom Divides", "description": "Rehoboam rejects the elders' advice, and the ten northern tribes break away under Jeroboam.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Kings 12:1-24", "2 Chronicles 10:1-11:4" ], "marker": "After Solomon\u2019s death, Rehoboam\u2019s harsh answer splits Israel into two kingdoms.", "marker_window": "Rehoboam rules Judah and Jeroboam rules the northern tribes", "proof_label": "the kingdom\u2019s division", "reason": "After Solomon\u2019s death, Rehoboam\u2019s harsh answer splits Israel into two kingdoms (1 Kings 12:1-24; 1 Kings 2:10-12).", "approx_date": "about 931 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 216, "chrono_rank": 224, "event": "Golden Calves at Bethel and Dan", "description": "Jeroboam sets up golden calves at Bethel and Dan so his people will not worship in Jerusalem.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "1 Kings 12:25-33" ], "marker": "Jeroboam sets up the calves after the northern tribes break from Rehoboam, before the prophet condemns his altar.", "marker_window": "Rehoboam rules Judah and Jeroboam rules the northern tribes", "proof_label": "Jeroboam\u2019s calves", "reason": "Jeroboam sets up the calves after the northern tribes break from Rehoboam, before the prophet condemns his altar (1 Kings 12:25-33; 1 Kings 13:1-34; 1 Kings 12:1-24).", "approx_date": "about 931 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 217, "chrono_rank": 225, "event": "Man of God Disobeys", "description": "A prophet from Judah condemns the altar at Bethel but is killed by a lion for disobeying God's word.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "1 Kings 13:1-34" ], "marker": "The man of God condemns Jeroboam\u2019s altar after the calves are set up, early in the divided kingdom.", "marker_window": "Rehoboam rules Judah and Jeroboam rules the northern tribes", "proof_label": "the prophet at Bethel", "reason": "The man of God condemns Jeroboam\u2019s altar after the calves are set up, early in the divided kingdom (1 Kings 13:1-34; 1 Kings 12:25-33).", "approx_date": "about 931 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 218, "chrono_rank": 226, "event": "Shishak Plunders Jerusalem", "description": "Egypt's king Shishak invades Judah and takes the temple treasures.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "1 Kings 14:25-28", "2 Chronicles 12:1-12" ], "marker": "Shishak invades Judah while Rehoboam is king, before Abijah succeeds him.", "marker_window": "Rehoboam is king of Judah, after the kingdom divides", "proof_label": "Shishak\u2019s invasion", "reason": "Shishak invades Judah while Rehoboam is king, before Abijah succeeds him (1 Kings 14:25-28; 2 Chronicles 13:1-20; 1 Kings 12:1-24).", "approx_date": "about 925 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 261, "chrono_rank": 227, "event": "Abijah Defeats Jeroboam", "description": "King Abijah of Judah, outnumbered two to one, defeats Jeroboam's army by relying on God.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "2 Chronicles 13:1-20" ], "marker": "Abijah defeats Jeroboam after succeeding Rehoboam in Judah, before Asa\u2019s reign.", "marker_window": "Abijah rules Judah while Jeroboam rules Israel", "proof_label": "Abijah\u2019s victory", "reason": "Abijah defeats Jeroboam after succeeding Rehoboam in Judah, before Asa\u2019s reign (2 Chronicles 13:1-20; 2 Chronicles 14:9-15; 1 Kings 14:25-28).", "approx_date": "about 913 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 262, "chrono_rank": 228, "event": "Asa Defeats the Cushites", "description": "Asa prays against a million-man Cushite army, and God routs it.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "2 Chronicles 14:9-15" ], "marker": "Asa defeats the Cushites during his reign in Judah, before Ahab becomes king of Israel.", "marker_window": "Asa rules Judah, before Ahab\u2019s reign in Israel", "proof_label": "Asa\u2019s victory", "reason": "Asa defeats the Cushites during his reign in Judah, before Ahab becomes king of Israel (2 Chronicles 14:9-15; 1 Kings 16:29-34).", "approx_date": "about 897 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 219, "chrono_rank": 229, "event": "Ahab Becomes King", "description": "Ahab becomes king of Israel and marries Jezebel, promoting Baal worship.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Kings 16:29-34" ], "marker": "Ahab becomes king of Israel before Elijah announces the drought, long after the kingdom divides.", "marker_window": "Ahab rules Israel and Elijah is active as a prophet", "proof_label": "Ahab\u2019s accession", "reason": "Ahab becomes king of Israel before Elijah announces the drought, long after the kingdom divides (1 Kings 16:29-34; 1 Kings 17:1-6; 1 Kings 12:1-24).", "approx_date": "about 874 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 220, "chrono_rank": 230, "event": "Elijah Fed by Ravens", "description": "After announcing a drought, Elijah is fed bread and meat by ravens at the Kerith brook.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Kings 17:1-6" ], "marker": "Elijah is fed by ravens after announcing drought to Ahab, before going to the widow at Zarephath.", "marker_window": "Ahab rules Israel and Elijah is active as a prophet", "proof_label": "the ravens feeding Elijah", "reason": "Elijah is fed by ravens after announcing drought to Ahab, before going to the widow at Zarephath (1 Kings 17:1-6; 1 Kings 17:7-16; 1 Kings 16:29-34).", "approx_date": "about 870 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 221, "chrono_rank": 231, "event": "Widow's Endless Jar of Flour", "description": "A widow in Zarephath feeds Elijah, and her flour and oil never run out.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Kings 17:7-16" ], "marker": "The widow feeds Elijah during Ahab\u2019s drought, before her son dies and Elijah restores him.", "marker_window": "Ahab rules Israel and Elijah is active as a prophet", "proof_label": "the widow\u2019s provision", "reason": "The widow feeds Elijah during Ahab\u2019s drought, before her son dies and Elijah restores him (1 Kings 17:7-16; 1 Kings 17:17-24; 1 Kings 16:29-34).", "approx_date": "about 870 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 222, "chrono_rank": 232, "event": "Elijah Revives the Widow's Son", "description": "Elijah prays over the widow's dead son, and he comes back to life.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Kings 17:17-24" ], "marker": "Elijah restores the widow\u2019s son during Ahab\u2019s reign, before the contest on Mount Carmel.", "marker_window": "Ahab rules Israel and Elijah is active as a prophet", "proof_label": "the widow\u2019s son being restored", "reason": "Elijah restores the widow\u2019s son during Ahab\u2019s reign, before the contest on Mount Carmel (1 Kings 17:17-24; 1 Kings 18:1-46; 1 Kings 16:29-34).", "approx_date": "about 870 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 223, "chrono_rank": 233, "event": "Contest on Mount Carmel", "description": "Fire from heaven consumes Elijah's sacrifice while the prophets of Baal fail, and rain ends the drought.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "1 Kings 18:1-46" ], "marker": "Elijah confronts the prophets of Baal under King Ahab, before fleeing Jezebel to Horeb.", "marker_window": "Ahab rules Israel and Elijah is active as a prophet", "proof_label": "the contest on Carmel", "reason": "Elijah confronts the prophets of Baal under King Ahab, before fleeing Jezebel to Horeb (1 Kings 18:1-46; 1 Kings 19:1-18; 1 Kings 16:29-34).", "approx_date": "about 865 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 224, "chrono_rank": 234, "event": "Elijah at Horeb", "description": "Fleeing Jezebel, Elijah hears God not in wind or fire but in a gentle whisper.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Kings 19:1-18" ], "marker": "Elijah goes to Horeb after the contest on Carmel, before calling Elisha to follow him.", "marker_window": "Ahab rules Israel and Elijah is active as a prophet", "proof_label": "Elijah at Horeb", "reason": "Elijah goes to Horeb after the contest on Carmel, before calling Elisha to follow him (1 Kings 19:1-18; 1 Kings 19:19-21; 1 Kings 18:1-46).", "approx_date": "about 865 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 225, "chrono_rank": 235, "event": "Elisha Called", "description": "Elijah throws his cloak over Elisha, who slaughters his oxen and follows him.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Kings 19:19-21" ], "marker": "Elijah calls Elisha after returning from Horeb, while Ahab is still king and before Elijah is taken up.", "marker_window": "Ahab rules Israel and Elijah is active as a prophet", "proof_label": "Elisha\u2019s call", "reason": "Elijah calls Elisha after returning from Horeb, while Ahab is still king and before Elijah is taken up (1 Kings 19:19-21; 1 Kings 22:1-40; 2 Kings 2:1-18; 1 Kings 19:1-18).", "approx_date": "about 865 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 226, "chrono_rank": 237, "event": "Naboth's Vineyard", "description": "Jezebel has Naboth killed so Ahab can take his vineyard, and Elijah pronounces judgment.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Kings 21:1-29" ], "marker": "Ahab takes Naboth\u2019s vineyard while Elijah is still active, before Ahab dies at Ramoth-gilead.", "marker_window": "Ahab rules Israel and Elijah is active as a prophet", "proof_label": "Naboth\u2019s vineyard", "reason": "Ahab takes Naboth\u2019s vineyard while Elijah is still active, before Ahab dies at Ramoth-gilead (1 Kings 21:1-29; 1 Kings 22:1-40).", "approx_date": "about 854 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 227, "chrono_rank": 238, "event": "Ahab Dies at Ramoth-gilead", "description": "Ahab ignores the prophet Micaiah and is killed by a random arrow.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "1 Kings 22:1-40", "2 Chronicles 18:1-34" ], "marker": "Ahab dies at Ramoth-gilead before his son Ahaziah sends soldiers to arrest Elijah.", "marker_window": "Ahab\u2019s reign ends before Elijah is taken up", "proof_label": "Ahab\u2019s death", "reason": "Ahab dies at Ramoth-gilead before his son Ahaziah sends soldiers to arrest Elijah (1 Kings 22:1-40; 2 Kings 1:1-18).", "approx_date": "about 853 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 228, "chrono_rank": 239, "event": "Elijah Calls Down Fire", "description": "Elijah calls fire from heaven on two companies of soldiers sent to arrest him.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Kings 1:1-18" ], "marker": "Elijah faces the soldiers under Ahaziah after Ahab\u2019s death, before being taken up in the whirlwind.", "marker_window": "Ahab is dead and his son Ahaziah rules Israel", "proof_label": "Elijah\u2019s fire from heaven", "reason": "Elijah faces the soldiers under Ahaziah after Ahab\u2019s death, before being taken up in the whirlwind (2 Kings 1:1-18; 2 Kings 2:1-18; 1 Kings 22:1-40).", "approx_date": "about 852 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 229, "chrono_rank": 240, "event": "Elijah Taken Up in Whirlwind", "description": "A fiery chariot separates Elijah and Elisha, and Elijah goes up to heaven in a whirlwind.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "2 Kings 2:1-18" ], "marker": "Elijah is taken up after Ahab\u2019s death, and Elisha then carries on his prophetic work.", "marker_window": "Elisha is with Elijah, before taking up his prophetic work", "proof_label": "Elijah\u2019s departure", "reason": "Elijah is taken up after Ahab\u2019s death, and Elisha then carries on his prophetic work (2 Kings 2:1-18; 2 Kings 2:19-25; 2 Kings 9:1-13; 1 Kings 22:1-40).", "approx_date": "about 850 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 230, "chrono_rank": 241, "event": "Elisha Heals the Spring", "description": "Elisha purifies Jericho's bad water with salt, and bears attack youths who mock him.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Kings 2:19-25" ], "marker": "Elisha heals Jericho\u2019s spring after Elijah is taken up, before Jehu becomes king.", "marker_window": "Elisha carries on Elijah\u2019s work, before Jehu becomes king", "proof_label": "Elisha\u2019s healing of the spring", "reason": "Elisha heals Jericho\u2019s spring after Elijah is taken up, before Jehu becomes king (2 Kings 2:19-25; 2 Kings 9:1-13; 2 Kings 2:1-18).", "approx_date": "about 850 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 239, "chrono_rank": 251, "event": "Jehu Anointed", "description": "A young prophet anoints Jehu king at Elisha's command and tells him to destroy Ahab's house.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Kings 9:1-13" ], "marker": "Jehu is anointed at Elisha\u2019s direction after Elijah is taken up, before Jezebel\u2019s death.", "marker_window": "Jehu\u2019s rise brings down Ahab\u2019s dynasty, before Assyria conquers Israel", "proof_label": "Jehu\u2019s anointing", "reason": "Jehu is anointed at Elisha\u2019s direction after Elijah is taken up, before Jezebel\u2019s death (2 Kings 9:1-13; 2 Kings 9:30-37; 2 Kings 2:1-18).", "approx_date": "about 841 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 240, "chrono_rank": 252, "event": "Jezebel's Death", "description": "Jezebel is thrown from a window, trampled by horses, and eaten by dogs.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Kings 9:30-37" ], "marker": "Jezebel dies during Jehu\u2019s overthrow of Ahab\u2019s dynasty, before he destroys the Baal worshipers.", "marker_window": "Jehu\u2019s rise brings down Ahab\u2019s dynasty, before Assyria conquers Israel", "proof_label": "Jezebel\u2019s death", "reason": "Jezebel dies during Jehu\u2019s overthrow of Ahab\u2019s dynasty, before he destroys the Baal worshipers (2 Kings 9:30-37; 2 Kings 10:18-28; 2 Kings 9:1-13).", "approx_date": "about 841 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 241, "chrono_rank": 253, "event": "Jehu Destroys Baal Worship", "description": "Jehu gathers Baal's worshipers into the temple and has them killed.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Kings 10:18-28" ], "marker": "Jehu destroys the Baal worshipers after taking power and after Jezebel\u2019s death.", "marker_window": "Jehu\u2019s rise brings down Ahab\u2019s dynasty, before Assyria conquers Israel", "proof_label": "Jehu\u2019s purge", "reason": "Jehu destroys the Baal worshipers after taking power and after Jezebel\u2019s death (2 Kings 10:18-28; 2 Kings 9:1-13; 2 Kings 9:30-37).", "approx_date": "about 841 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 242, "chrono_rank": 254, "event": "Athaliah Overthrown", "description": "Jehoiada crowns the child Joash, and the usurper queen Athaliah is executed.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Kings 11:1-21", "2 Chronicles 22:10-23:21" ], "marker": "Jehoiada crowns young Joash and overthrows Athaliah after Jehu\u2019s rise in Israel, before Joash repairs the temple.", "marker_window": "Jehoiada restores David\u2019s line to Judah\u2019s throne", "proof_label": "Athaliah\u2019s overthrow", "reason": "Jehoiada crowns young Joash and overthrows Athaliah after Jehu\u2019s rise in Israel, before Joash repairs the temple (2 Kings 11:1-21; 2 Kings 12:1-16; 2 Kings 9:1-13).", "approx_date": "about 835 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 243, "chrono_rank": 255, "event": "Joash Repairs the Temple", "description": "King Joash directs a collection to repair the temple.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Kings 12:1-16", "2 Chronicles 24:1-14" ], "marker": "Joash repairs the temple while Jehoiada is still alive, before turning against Jehoiada\u2019s son Zechariah.", "marker_window": "Joash rules Judah while Jehoiada the priest is still alive", "proof_label": "Joash\u2019s temple repairs", "reason": "Joash repairs the temple while Jehoiada is still alive, before turning against Jehoiada\u2019s son Zechariah (2 Kings 12:1-16; 2 Chronicles 24:15-22).", "approx_date": "about 813 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 264, "chrono_rank": 256, "event": "Zechariah Stoned", "description": "King Joash orders the priest Zechariah stoned in the temple courtyard.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "2 Chronicles 24:15-22" ], "marker": "Joash orders Zechariah killed after Jehoiada\u2019s death, before Assyria conquers the northern kingdom.", "marker_window": "Joash still rules Judah, but Jehoiada has died", "proof_label": "Zechariah\u2019s death", "reason": "Joash orders Zechariah killed after Jehoiada\u2019s death, before Assyria conquers the northern kingdom (2 Chronicles 24:15-22; 2 Kings 17:1-41; 2 Kings 12:1-16).", "approx_date": "about 800 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 245, "chrono_rank": 268, "event": "Fall of Samaria", "description": "Assyria conquers the northern kingdom and exiles its people.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Kings 17:1-41", "2 Kings 18:9-12" ], "marker": "Assyria conquers Samaria during Hoshea\u2019s reign in Israel, before Sennacherib threatens Hezekiah in Jerusalem.", "marker_window": "Assyria brings the northern kingdom to an end", "proof_label": "Samaria\u2019s fall", "reason": "Assyria conquers Samaria during Hoshea\u2019s reign in Israel, before Sennacherib threatens Hezekiah in Jerusalem (2 Kings 17:1-41; 2 Kings 18:13-19:37).", "approx_date": "about 722 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 247, "chrono_rank": 275, "event": "Sennacherib's Army Destroyed", "description": "Hezekiah prays, and the angel of the Lord strikes down 185,000 Assyrians besieging Jerusalem.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Kings 18:13-19:37", "2 Chronicles 32:1-23", "Isaiah 36:1-37:38" ], "marker": "God delivers Hezekiah\u2019s Jerusalem from Sennacherib after Samaria falls, before Manasseh rules Judah.", "marker_window": "Hezekiah rules Judah after the northern kingdom has fallen", "proof_label": "the deliverance from Sennacherib", "reason": "God delivers Hezekiah\u2019s Jerusalem from Sennacherib after Samaria falls, before Manasseh rules Judah (2 Kings 18:13-19:37; 2 Chronicles 33:10-13; 2 Kings 17:1-41).", "approx_date": "about 701 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 267, "chrono_rank": 278, "event": "Manasseh Repents", "description": "Captive in Babylon, Manasseh humbles himself and God restores him to his throne.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Chronicles 33:10-13" ], "marker": "Manasseh repents during his reign after Hezekiah, before Josiah finds the law book.", "marker_window": "Manasseh rules Judah after his father Hezekiah", "proof_label": "Manasseh\u2019s repentance", "reason": "Manasseh repents during his reign after Hezekiah, before Josiah finds the law book (2 Chronicles 33:10-13; 2 Kings 22:1-20; 2 Kings 18:13-19:37).", "approx_date": "about 648 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 251, "chrono_rank": 280, "event": "Book of the Law Found", "description": "Workers repairing the temple find the book of the law, and Josiah tears his clothes in repentance.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Kings 22:1-20", "2 Chronicles 34:14-28" ], "marker": "Josiah is king when the law book is found, before he renews the covenant and holds the Passover.", "marker_window": "Josiah rules Judah before Babylon destroys Jerusalem", "proof_label": "the discovery of the law book", "reason": "Josiah is king when the law book is found, before he renews the covenant and holds the Passover (2 Kings 22:1-20; 2 Kings 23:1-25).", "approx_date": "about 622 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 252, "chrono_rank": 281, "event": "Josiah's Reforms", "description": "Josiah renews the covenant and destroys idols and high places across the land.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Kings 23:1-25", "2 Chronicles 34:29-35:19" ], "marker": "Josiah renews the covenant after the law book is found, before his death at Megiddo.", "marker_window": "Josiah rules Judah before Babylon destroys Jerusalem", "proof_label": "Josiah\u2019s reforms", "reason": "Josiah renews the covenant after the law book is found, before his death at Megiddo (2 Kings 23:1-25; 2 Kings 23:29-30; 2 Kings 22:1-20).", "approx_date": "about 622 BC", "proof_plural": true }, { "id": 253, "chrono_rank": 282, "event": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "description": "Pharaoh Necho kills Josiah in battle at Megiddo.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Kings 23:29-30", "2 Chronicles 35:20-27" ], "marker": "Josiah dies fighting Pharaoh Necho after his reforms, before Babylon\u2019s deportations under Nebuchadnezzar.", "marker_window": "Josiah rules Judah before Babylon destroys Jerusalem", "proof_label": "Josiah\u2019s death", "reason": "Josiah dies fighting Pharaoh Necho after his reforms, before Babylon\u2019s deportations under Nebuchadnezzar (2 Kings 23:29-30; 2 Kings 24:10-17; 2 Kings 23:1-25).", "approx_date": "about 609 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 310, "chrono_rank": 285, "event": "Daniel Refuses the King's Food", "description": "Daniel and his friends decline the king's food, eat only vegetables, and become healthier than the others.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Daniel 1:1-21" ], "marker": "Daniel refuses Babylon\u2019s food under Nebuchadnezzar while Jehoiakim rules Judah, before Jerusalem is destroyed.", "marker_window": "Nebuchadnezzar rules Babylon while Jehoiakim is king of Judah", "proof_label": "Daniel\u2019s refusal of the royal food", "reason": "Daniel refuses Babylon\u2019s food under Nebuchadnezzar while Jehoiakim rules Judah, before Jerusalem is destroyed (Daniel 1:1-21; 2 Kings 25:1-21; 2 Kings 23:29-30).", "approx_date": "about 605 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 254, "chrono_rank": 289, "event": "Jehoiachin Exiled to Babylon", "description": "Nebuchadnezzar takes King Jehoiachin and thousands of Judah's leaders to Babylon.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Kings 24:10-17", "2 Chronicles 36:9-10", "Jeremiah 24:1" ], "marker": "Nebuchadnezzar takes Jehoiachin to Babylon before Zedekiah\u2019s reign ends with Jerusalem\u2019s destruction.", "marker_window": "Nebuchadnezzar takes Jehoiachin captive before Jerusalem is burned", "proof_label": "Jehoiachin\u2019s exile", "reason": "Nebuchadnezzar takes Jehoiachin to Babylon before Zedekiah\u2019s reign ends with Jerusalem\u2019s destruction (2 Kings 24:10-17; 2 Kings 25:1-21).", "approx_date": "about 597 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 298, "chrono_rank": 290, "event": "Hananiah's False Prophecy", "description": "Hananiah breaks Jeremiah's yoke and predicts quick release from Babylon, and he dies within the year.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Jeremiah 28:1-17" ], "marker": "Hananiah opposes Jeremiah while Zedekiah rules Judah, after Jehoiachin\u2019s exile but before Jerusalem falls.", "marker_window": "Zedekiah rules Judah under Babylon\u2019s power", "proof_label": "Hananiah\u2019s false prophecy", "reason": "Hananiah opposes Jeremiah while Zedekiah rules Judah, after Jehoiachin\u2019s exile but before Jerusalem falls (Jeremiah 28:1-17; 2 Kings 25:1-21; 2 Kings 24:10-17).", "approx_date": "about 594 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 255, "chrono_rank": 298, "event": "Jerusalem Falls", "description": "Babylon burns the temple and the city, breaks down its walls, and exiles most of the people.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Kings 25:1-21", "2 Chronicles 36:11-21", "Jeremiah 39:1-10", "Jeremiah 52:1-30" ], "marker": "Babylon destroys Jerusalem at the end of Zedekiah\u2019s reign, before Cyrus permits the exiles to return.", "marker_window": "Zedekiah\u2019s reign ends as Babylon destroys Jerusalem", "proof_label": "Jerusalem\u2019s fall", "reason": "Babylon destroys Jerusalem at the end of Zedekiah\u2019s reign, before Cyrus permits the exiles to return (2 Kings 25:1-21; Ezra 1:1-11).", "approx_date": "about 586 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 256, "chrono_rank": 304, "event": "Jehoiachin Released", "description": "The Babylonian king Evil-Merodach frees Jehoiachin from prison and seats him at his table.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "2 Kings 25:27-30", "Jeremiah 52:31-34" ], "marker": "Evil-Merodach releases Jehoiachin after Nebuchadnezzar\u2019s reign, before Babylon falls and Cyrus sends the exiles home.", "marker_window": "Evil-Merodach rules Babylon after Nebuchadnezzar", "proof_label": "Jehoiachin\u2019s release", "reason": "Evil-Merodach releases Jehoiachin after Nebuchadnezzar\u2019s reign, before Babylon falls and Cyrus sends the exiles home (2 Kings 25:27-30; Daniel 5:1-31; Ezra 1:1-11; 2 Kings 25:1-21).", "approx_date": "about 561 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 314, "chrono_rank": 306, "event": "Writing on the Wall", "description": "A hand writes on the wall at Belshazzar's feast, and he is killed that night.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Daniel 5:1-31" ], "marker": "The writing appears at Belshazzar\u2019s feast on the night Babylon falls, before Cyrus authorizes the return.", "marker_window": "Belshazzar holds his feast before Babylon falls", "proof_label": "the writing on the wall", "reason": "The writing appears at Belshazzar\u2019s feast on the night Babylon falls, before Cyrus authorizes the return (Daniel 5:1-31; Ezra 1:1-11).", "approx_date": "about 539 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 268, "chrono_rank": 309, "event": "Cyrus Releases the Exiles", "description": "Cyrus of Persia decrees that the Jews may return and rebuild the temple.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Ezra 1:1-11", "2 Chronicles 36:22-23", "Ezra 6:3-5" ], "marker": "Cyrus permits the return after Persia takes Babylon, before the exiles lay the new temple\u2019s foundation.", "marker_window": "Cyrus rules Persia after Babylon\u2019s fall", "proof_label": "Cyrus\u2019s decree", "reason": "Cyrus permits the return after Persia takes Babylon, before the exiles lay the new temple\u2019s foundation (Ezra 1:1-11; Ezra 3:1-13; Daniel 5:1-31).", "approx_date": "about 538 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 269, "chrono_rank": 310, "event": "Temple Foundation Laid", "description": "Returned exiles lay the temple foundation amid shouts of joy and the weeping of older people.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Ezra 3:1-13" ], "marker": "The returned exiles lay the temple foundation after Cyrus\u2019s decree, before work resumes under Darius.", "marker_window": "The returned exiles rebuild under Persian rule, after Cyrus\u2019s decree", "proof_label": "the new temple\u2019s foundation", "reason": "The returned exiles lay the temple foundation after Cyrus\u2019s decree, before work resumes under Darius (Ezra 3:1-13; Haggai 1:1-15; Ezra 1:1-11).", "approx_date": "about 536 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 327, "chrono_rank": 312, "event": "Temple Rebuilding Resumed", "description": "Haggai's message stirs the leaders and people to restart work on the temple.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Haggai 1:1-15", "Ezra 5:1-2" ], "marker": "Haggai calls the returned exiles back to work under Darius, before the second temple is completed.", "marker_window": "Zerubbabel and Jeshua lead the rebuilding under King Darius", "proof_label": "the resumption of building", "reason": "Haggai calls the returned exiles back to work under Darius, before the second temple is completed (Haggai 1:1-15; Ezra 6:13-18; Ezra 3:1-13).", "approx_date": "about 520 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 271, "chrono_rank": 314, "event": "Second Temple Completed", "description": "The rebuilt temple is finished and dedicated with sacrifices.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Ezra 6:13-18", "Ezra 5:1-2", "Ezra 6:14-15" ], "marker": "The second temple is completed under Darius, after Haggai urges the people to rebuild.", "marker_window": "Zerubbabel and Jeshua lead the rebuilding under King Darius", "proof_label": "the second temple\u2019s completion", "reason": "The second temple is completed under Darius, after Haggai urges the people to rebuild (Ezra 6:13-18; Haggai 1:1-15).", "approx_date": "about 516 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 280, "chrono_rank": 315, "event": "Vashti Deposed", "description": "Queen Vashti refuses to appear at the king's feast and is removed.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Esther 1:1-22" ], "marker": "Ahasuerus removes Vashti before Esther becomes queen, after the rebuilt temple is completed.", "marker_window": "Ahasuerus rules Persia, before Ezra\u2019s return under Artaxerxes", "proof_label": "Vashti\u2019s removal", "reason": "Ahasuerus removes Vashti before Esther becomes queen, after the rebuilt temple is completed (Esther 1:1-22; Esther 2:1-18; Ezra 6:13-18).", "approx_date": "about 483 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 281, "chrono_rank": 317, "event": "Esther Becomes Queen", "description": "Esther is chosen from many young women to be Xerxes' queen, hiding her Jewish identity.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Esther 2:1-18" ], "marker": "Esther becomes queen under Ahasuerus after Vashti\u2019s removal, before Haman plots against the Jews.", "marker_window": "Ahasuerus rules Persia, before Ezra\u2019s return under Artaxerxes", "proof_label": "Esther\u2019s coronation", "reason": "Esther becomes queen under Ahasuerus after Vashti\u2019s removal, before Haman plots against the Jews (Esther 2:1-18; Esther 3:1-15; Esther 1:1-22).", "approx_date": "about 479 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 282, "chrono_rank": 318, "event": "Haman's Plot", "description": "Haman, angered by Mordecai's refusal to bow, secures a decree to destroy all the Jews.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Esther 3:1-15" ], "marker": "Haman plots against the Jews while Esther is queen, before Mordecai urges her to approach Ahasuerus.", "marker_window": "Ahasuerus rules Persia, before Ezra\u2019s return under Artaxerxes", "proof_label": "Haman\u2019s plot", "reason": "Haman plots against the Jews while Esther is queen, before Mordecai urges her to approach Ahasuerus (Esther 3:1-15; Esther 4:1-17; Esther 2:1-18).", "approx_date": "about 474 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 283, "chrono_rank": 319, "event": "For Such a Time", "description": "Mordecai urges Esther to approach the king, and she resolves to go even if she perishes.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Esther 4:1-17" ], "marker": "Mordecai urges Esther to act after Haman\u2019s decree, before her banquets expose Haman\u2019s plot.", "marker_window": "Ahasuerus rules Persia, before Ezra\u2019s return under Artaxerxes", "proof_label": "Mordecai\u2019s appeal to Esther", "reason": "Mordecai urges Esther to act after Haman\u2019s decree, before her banquets expose Haman\u2019s plot (Esther 4:1-17; Esther 7:1-10; Esther 3:1-15).", "approx_date": "about 474 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 284, "chrono_rank": 320, "event": "Mordecai Honored", "description": "The king learns that Mordecai once saved his life and has Haman lead him through the city in honor.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Esther 6:1-14" ], "marker": "Ahasuerus honors Mordecai while Haman is still alive, before Esther exposes Haman at her second banquet.", "marker_window": "Ahasuerus rules Persia, before Ezra\u2019s return under Artaxerxes", "proof_label": "Mordecai\u2019s public honor", "reason": "Ahasuerus honors Mordecai while Haman is still alive, before Esther exposes Haman at her second banquet (Esther 6:1-14; Esther 7:1-10).", "approx_date": "about 474 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 285, "chrono_rank": 321, "event": "Haman Hanged", "description": "Esther exposes Haman's plot at her banquet, and he is hanged on the gallows he built for Mordecai.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Esther 7:1-10" ], "marker": "Esther exposes Haman before Ahasuerus and Haman is executed, before the deliverance celebrated at Purim.", "marker_window": "Ahasuerus rules Persia, before Ezra\u2019s return under Artaxerxes", "proof_label": "Haman\u2019s death", "reason": "Esther exposes Haman before Ahasuerus and Haman is executed, before the deliverance celebrated at Purim (Esther 7:1-10; Esther 9:20-32).", "approx_date": "about 474 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 286, "chrono_rank": 322, "event": "Purim Established", "description": "The Jews celebrate their deliverance and establish the annual feast of Purim.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Esther 9:20-32" ], "marker": "The Jews establish Purim after Haman\u2019s defeat and their deliverance, during Ahasuerus\u2019s reign.", "marker_window": "Ahasuerus rules Persia, before Ezra\u2019s return under Artaxerxes", "proof_label": "Purim", "reason": "The Jews establish Purim after Haman\u2019s defeat and their deliverance, during Ahasuerus\u2019s reign (Esther 9:20-32; Esther 7:1-10).", "approx_date": "about 473 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 272, "chrono_rank": 323, "event": "Ezra Returns to Jerusalem", "description": "The scribe Ezra travels from Babylon to Jerusalem to teach God's law.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Ezra 7:1-10" ], "marker": "Ezra returns under Artaxerxes after the temple is rebuilt, before Nehemiah comes to rebuild the walls.", "marker_window": "Artaxerxes rules Persia while Ezra and Nehemiah serve their people", "proof_label": "Ezra\u2019s return", "reason": "Ezra returns under Artaxerxes after the temple is rebuilt, before Nehemiah comes to rebuild the walls (Ezra 7:1-10; Nehemiah 1:1-11; Ezra 6:13-18).", "approx_date": "about 458 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 273, "chrono_rank": 324, "event": "Ezra Confronts Mixed Marriages", "description": "Ezra leads the people in confession and the men send away their foreign wives.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Ezra 10:1-17" ], "marker": "Ezra confronts the mixed marriages after his return under Artaxerxes, before Nehemiah\u2019s wall-building mission.", "marker_window": "Artaxerxes rules Persia while Ezra and Nehemiah serve their people", "proof_label": "Ezra\u2019s confrontation over marriages", "reason": "Ezra confronts the mixed marriages after his return under Artaxerxes, before Nehemiah\u2019s wall-building mission (Ezra 10:1-17; Nehemiah 1:1-11; Ezra 7:1-10).", "approx_date": "about 457 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 274, "chrono_rank": 325, "event": "Nehemiah Hears of the Ruins", "description": "Nehemiah weeps and prays upon hearing that Jerusalem's walls lie broken.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Nehemiah 1:1-11" ], "marker": "Nehemiah hears of Jerusalem\u2019s broken walls while serving Artaxerxes, before going to inspect them himself.", "marker_window": "Artaxerxes rules Persia while Ezra and Nehemiah serve their people", "proof_label": "Nehemiah\u2019s news from Jerusalem", "reason": "Nehemiah hears of Jerusalem\u2019s broken walls while serving Artaxerxes, before going to inspect them himself (Nehemiah 1:1-11; Nehemiah 2:11-20).", "approx_date": "about 445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 275, "chrono_rank": 326, "event": "Nehemiah Inspects the Walls", "description": "Nehemiah secretly surveys the broken walls by night and calls the people to rebuild.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Nehemiah 2:11-20" ], "marker": "Nehemiah inspects Jerusalem\u2019s walls after arriving from Artaxerxes\u2019s court, before the guarded rebuilding begins.", "marker_window": "Artaxerxes rules Persia while Ezra and Nehemiah serve their people", "proof_label": "Nehemiah\u2019s inspection", "reason": "Nehemiah inspects Jerusalem\u2019s walls after arriving from Artaxerxes\u2019s court, before the guarded rebuilding begins (Nehemiah 2:11-20; Nehemiah 4:1-23; Nehemiah 1:1-11).", "approx_date": "about 445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 276, "chrono_rank": 327, "event": "Building with Sword in Hand", "description": "Workers rebuild the wall while half stand guard against threats from Sanballat and Tobiah.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Nehemiah 4:1-23" ], "marker": "Nehemiah\u2019s workers rebuild under threat before completing Jerusalem\u2019s wall, while Artaxerxes rules Persia.", "marker_window": "Artaxerxes rules Persia while Ezra and Nehemiah serve their people", "proof_label": "the guarded rebuilding", "reason": "Nehemiah\u2019s workers rebuild under threat before completing Jerusalem\u2019s wall, while Artaxerxes rules Persia (Nehemiah 4:1-23; Nehemiah 6:15-16).", "approx_date": "about 445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 278, "chrono_rank": 329, "event": "Wall Finished in Fifty-Two Days", "description": "The wall is completed, and the surrounding nations lose confidence.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Nehemiah 6:15-16" ], "marker": "Nehemiah\u2019s workers finish the wall after fifty-two days, before Ezra reads the law to the gathered people.", "marker_window": "Artaxerxes rules Persia while Ezra and Nehemiah serve their people", "proof_label": "the wall\u2019s completion", "reason": "Nehemiah\u2019s workers finish the wall after fifty-two days, before Ezra reads the law to the gathered people (Nehemiah 6:15-16; Nehemiah 8:1-18; Nehemiah 4:1-23).", "approx_date": "about 445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 279, "chrono_rank": 330, "event": "Ezra Reads the Law", "description": "Ezra reads the law aloud from dawn to midday, and the people weep and celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Nehemiah 8:1-18" ], "marker": "Ezra reads the law after Nehemiah\u2019s wall is completed, while Judah is still under Persian rule.", "marker_window": "Artaxerxes rules Persia while Ezra and Nehemiah serve their people", "proof_label": "Ezra\u2019s public reading", "reason": "Ezra reads the law after Nehemiah\u2019s wall is completed, while Judah is still under Persian rule (Nehemiah 8:1-18; Nehemiah 6:15-16).", "approx_date": "about 445 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 383, "chrono_rank": 332, "event": "Gabriel Appears to Zechariah", "description": "The angel Gabriel tells the priest Zechariah that his wife Elizabeth will bear John, and Zechariah is struck mute for doubting.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Luke 1:5-25" ], "marker": "Gabriel promises Zechariah a son during Herod\u2019s reign, before announcing Jesus\u2019 birth to Mary.", "marker_window": "Herod rules Judea, before Jesus is born", "proof_label": "Gabriel\u2019s message to Zechariah", "reason": "Gabriel promises Zechariah a son during Herod\u2019s reign, before announcing Jesus\u2019 birth to Mary (Luke 1:5-25; Luke 1:26-38).", "approx_date": "about 6 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 384, "chrono_rank": 333, "event": "Annunciation to Mary", "description": "Gabriel announces to Mary that she will conceive and bear the Son of God.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Luke 1:26-38" ], "marker": "Gabriel visits Mary while Elizabeth is pregnant with John, before Mary goes to see her.", "marker_window": "Herod rules Judea, before Jesus is born", "proof_label": "Gabriel\u2019s message to Mary", "reason": "Gabriel visits Mary while Elizabeth is pregnant with John, before Mary goes to see her (Luke 1:26-38; Luke 1:39-56; Luke 1:57-80).", "approx_date": "about 5 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 385, "chrono_rank": 334, "event": "Mary Visits Elizabeth", "description": "Mary visits Elizabeth, whose unborn child leaps at her greeting, and Mary sings the Magnificat.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Luke 1:39-56" ], "marker": "Mary visits Elizabeth while both children are unborn, before John is born and Zechariah regains his speech.", "marker_window": "Herod rules Judea, before Jesus is born", "proof_label": "Mary\u2019s visit", "reason": "Mary visits Elizabeth while both children are unborn, before John is born and Zechariah regains his speech (Luke 1:39-56; Luke 1:57-80).", "approx_date": "about 5 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 386, "chrono_rank": 335, "event": "John the Baptist Born", "description": "Elizabeth gives birth to John, and Zechariah regains his speech when he writes the name John.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Luke 1:57-80" ], "marker": "John is born and Zechariah regains his speech before Jesus is born in Bethlehem.", "marker_window": "Herod rules Judea, before Jesus is born", "proof_label": "John\u2019s birth", "reason": "John is born and Zechariah regains his speech before Jesus is born in Bethlehem (Luke 1:57-80; Luke 2:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 5 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 387, "chrono_rank": 337, "event": "Birth of Jesus", "description": "Jesus is born in Bethlehem during the census of Quirinius and laid in a manger.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Luke 2:1-7", "Matthew 1:24-25" ], "marker": "Jesus is born in Bethlehem before the shepherds visit and before Herod sends the family fleeing to Egypt.", "marker_window": "Jesus is still a child, before his public ministry", "proof_label": "Jesus\u2019 birth", "reason": "Jesus is born in Bethlehem before the shepherds visit and before Herod sends the family fleeing to Egypt (Luke 2:1-7; Luke 2:8-20; Matthew 2:13-23).", "approx_date": "about 5 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 388, "chrono_rank": 338, "event": "Shepherds Visit the Manger", "description": "Angels announce Jesus' birth to shepherds, who go to see him and spread the news.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Luke 2:8-20" ], "marker": "The shepherds visit Jesus on the night of his birth, before his presentation in the temple.", "marker_window": "Jesus is still a child, before his public ministry", "proof_label": "the shepherds\u2019 visit", "reason": "The shepherds visit Jesus on the night of his birth, before his presentation in the temple (Luke 2:8-20; Luke 2:21-38; Luke 2:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 5 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 389, "chrono_rank": 339, "event": "Jesus Presented in the Temple", "description": "Simeon and Anna recognize the infant Jesus as the Messiah when Mary and Joseph bring him to the temple.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Luke 2:21-38" ], "marker": "Mary and Joseph present the infant Jesus in the temple after his birth, long before his adult baptism.", "marker_window": "Jesus is still a child, before his public ministry", "proof_label": "Jesus\u2019 presentation", "reason": "Mary and Joseph present the infant Jesus in the temple after his birth, long before his adult baptism (Luke 2:21-38; Matthew 3:13-17; Luke 2:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 5 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 332, "chrono_rank": 340, "event": "Magi Visit Jesus", "description": "Wise men from the east follow a star to Bethlehem and give Jesus gold, frankincense, and myrrh.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Matthew 2:1-12" ], "marker": "The Magi visit while Herod is still alive, before Joseph takes Jesus and Mary to Egypt.", "marker_window": "Jesus is still a child, before his public ministry", "proof_label": "the Magi\u2019s visit", "reason": "The Magi visit while Herod is still alive, before Joseph takes Jesus and Mary to Egypt (Matthew 2:1-12; Matthew 2:13-23).", "approx_date": "about 4 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 333, "chrono_rank": 341, "event": "Flight to Egypt", "description": "Joseph takes the family to Egypt to escape Herod, who kills the boys of Bethlehem.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Matthew 2:13-23" ], "marker": "Joseph takes Jesus to Egypt after the Magi leave, escaping Herod before returning after the king\u2019s death.", "marker_window": "Jesus is still a child, before his public ministry", "proof_label": "the flight to Egypt", "reason": "Joseph takes Jesus to Egypt after the Magi leave, escaping Herod before returning after the king\u2019s death (Matthew 2:13-23; Matthew 2:1-12).", "approx_date": "about 4 BC", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 390, "chrono_rank": 342, "event": "Boy Jesus in the Temple", "description": "Twelve-year-old Jesus is found in the temple talking with teachers after his parents search for three days.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Luke 2:41-52" ], "marker": "Jesus visits the temple at twelve, long after Herod\u2019s death and before John baptizes him as an adult.", "marker_window": "Jesus is twelve, before John baptizes him as an adult", "proof_label": "Jesus at twelve", "reason": "Jesus visits the temple at twelve, long after Herod\u2019s death and before John baptizes him as an adult (Luke 2:41-52; Matthew 3:13-17; Luke 2:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 8 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 335, "chrono_rank": 344, "event": "Jesus Baptized", "description": "John baptizes Jesus, the Spirit descends like a dove, and the Father's voice affirms him.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Matthew 3:13-17", "Mark 1:9-11", "Luke 3:21-22", "John 1:29-34" ], "marker": "John baptizes Jesus before Jesus goes into the wilderness to be tempted.", "marker_window": "Jesus\u2019 public ministry is beginning and John the Baptist is alive", "proof_label": "Jesus\u2019 baptism", "reason": "John baptizes Jesus before Jesus goes into the wilderness to be tempted (Matthew 3:13-17; Matthew 4:1-11).", "approx_date": "about 26 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 336, "chrono_rank": 345, "event": "Temptation in the Wilderness", "description": "After fasting forty days, Jesus resists Satan's three temptations with Scripture.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Matthew 4:1-11", "Mark 1:12-13", "Luke 4:1-13" ], "marker": "Jesus faces temptation in the wilderness after his baptism, before his public work in Galilee.", "marker_window": "Jesus\u2019 public ministry is beginning and John the Baptist is alive", "proof_label": "the temptation in the wilderness", "reason": "Jesus faces temptation in the wilderness after his baptism, before his public work in Galilee (Matthew 4:1-11; John 4:1-42; Matthew 3:13-17).", "approx_date": "about 26 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 413, "chrono_rank": 346, "event": "First Disciples Follow Jesus", "description": "Andrew, Peter, Philip, and Nathanael begin to follow Jesus.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "John 1:35-51" ], "marker": "Andrew and the other first disciples follow Jesus after his baptism, before the wedding at Cana.", "marker_window": "Jesus\u2019 public ministry is beginning and John the Baptist is alive", "proof_label": "the first disciples\u2019 decision", "reason": "Andrew and the other first disciples follow Jesus after his baptism, before the wedding at Cana (John 1:35-51; John 2:1-11; Matthew 3:13-17).", "approx_date": "about 27 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 414, "chrono_rank": 347, "event": "Water Turned to Wine", "description": "At a wedding in Cana, Jesus turns water into wine in his first sign.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "John 2:1-11" ], "marker": "Jesus turns water into wine at Cana early in his ministry, before Nicodemus visits him in Jerusalem.", "marker_window": "Jesus\u2019 public ministry is beginning and John the Baptist is alive", "proof_label": "the wedding at Cana", "reason": "Jesus turns water into wine at Cana early in his ministry, before Nicodemus visits him in Jerusalem (John 2:1-11; John 3:1-21).", "approx_date": "about 27 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 416, "chrono_rank": 349, "event": "Nicodemus Visits by Night", "description": "Jesus tells the Pharisee Nicodemus that he must be born again.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "John 3:1-21" ], "marker": "Nicodemus visits Jesus during his early ministry, before Jesus travels through Samaria.", "marker_window": "Jesus\u2019 public ministry is beginning and John the Baptist is alive", "proof_label": "Nicodemus\u2019s visit", "reason": "Nicodemus visits Jesus during his early ministry, before Jesus travels through Samaria (John 3:1-21; John 4:1-42).", "approx_date": "about 27 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 417, "chrono_rank": 350, "event": "Woman at the Well", "description": "Jesus offers living water to a Samaritan woman, and many in her town come to believe.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "John 4:1-42" ], "marker": "Jesus meets the Samaritan woman after his early work in Judea, before the later feeding of the five thousand.", "marker_window": "Jesus\u2019 public ministry is beginning and John the Baptist is alive", "proof_label": "the meeting in Samaria", "reason": "Jesus meets the Samaritan woman after his early work in Judea, before the later feeding of the five thousand (John 4:1-42; Mark 6:30-44; John 3:1-21).", "approx_date": "about 27 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 371, "chrono_rank": 376, "event": "Feeding the Five Thousand", "description": "Jesus feeds over five thousand people with five loaves and two fish.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Mark 6:30-44", "Matthew 14:13-21", "Luke 9:10-17", "John 6:1-14" ], "marker": "Jesus feeds the crowd before sending the disciples across the lake that evening.", "marker_window": "Jesus ministers in Galilee before his last journey to Jerusalem", "proof_label": "the feeding of the crowd", "reason": "Jesus feeds the crowd before sending the disciples across the lake that evening (Mark 6:30-44; Mark 6:45-52).", "approx_date": "about 29 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 372, "chrono_rank": 377, "event": "Jesus Walks on Water", "description": "Jesus walks across the lake toward his disciples in a storm.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Mark 6:45-52", "Matthew 14:22-33", "John 6:16-21", "Matthew 14:28-33" ], "marker": "Jesus walks on the lake after feeding the crowd, while the disciples are crossing ahead of him.", "marker_window": "Jesus ministers in Galilee before his last journey to Jerusalem", "proof_label": "Jesus\u2019 walk on the water", "reason": "Jesus walks on the lake after feeding the crowd, while the disciples are crossing ahead of him (Mark 6:45-52; Mark 6:30-44).", "approx_date": "about 29 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 375, "chrono_rank": 381, "event": "Peter's Confession", "description": "Peter declares that Jesus is the Christ at Caesarea Philippi.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Mark 8:27-30", "Matthew 16:13-20", "Luke 9:18-21" ], "marker": "Peter confesses Jesus as the Messiah before Jesus takes three disciples up the mountain.", "marker_window": "Jesus has begun telling his disciples about his coming death", "proof_label": "Peter\u2019s confession", "reason": "Peter confesses Jesus as the Messiah before Jesus takes three disciples up the mountain (Mark 8:27-30; Mark 9:2-13).", "approx_date": "about 29 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 376, "chrono_rank": 382, "event": "Jesus Transfigured on Mountain", "description": "Jesus' appearance becomes dazzling white on a mountain as Moses and Elijah appear with him.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Mark 9:2-13", "Matthew 17:1-13", "Luke 9:28-36", "2 Peter 1:16-18" ], "marker": "Jesus is transfigured after Peter\u2019s confession, before coming down to the boy who needs healing.", "marker_window": "Jesus has begun telling his disciples about his coming death", "proof_label": "the transfiguration", "reason": "Jesus is transfigured after Peter\u2019s confession, before coming down to the boy who needs healing (Mark 9:2-13; Mark 9:14-29; Mark 8:27-30).", "approx_date": "about 29 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 377, "chrono_rank": 383, "event": "Boy with Evil Spirit Healed", "description": "Jesus casts a spirit out of a boy after the disciples fail to do so.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Mark 9:14-29", "Matthew 17:14-21", "Luke 9:37-43" ], "marker": "Jesus heals the boy after coming down from the mountain of the transfiguration.", "marker_window": "Jesus has begun telling his disciples about his coming death", "proof_label": "the boy\u2019s healing", "reason": "Jesus heals the boy after coming down from the mountain of the transfiguration (Mark 9:14-29; Mark 9:2-13).", "approx_date": "about 29 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 423, "chrono_rank": 395, "event": "Lazarus Raised", "description": "Jesus raises Lazarus from the tomb after he has been dead four days.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "John 11:1-44" ], "marker": "Jesus raises Lazarus before the council meets to plot his death.", "marker_window": "Jesus is approaching his final Passover, before entering Jerusalem", "proof_label": "Lazarus\u2019s resurrection", "reason": "Jesus raises Lazarus before the council meets to plot his death (John 11:1-44; John 11:45-57).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 424, "chrono_rank": 396, "event": "Plot to Kill Jesus", "description": "After Lazarus is raised, the chief priests and Pharisees plot to put Jesus to death.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "John 11:45-57" ], "marker": "The council plots Jesus\u2019 death after Lazarus is raised, before Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover.", "marker_window": "Jesus is approaching his final Passover, before entering Jerusalem", "proof_label": "the council\u2019s plot", "reason": "The council plots Jesus\u2019 death after Lazarus is raised, before Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover (John 11:45-57; Matthew 21:1-11; John 11:1-44).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 341, "chrono_rank": 403, "event": "Triumphal Entry", "description": "Jesus rides into Jerusalem on a donkey as crowds spread cloaks and palm branches and shout hosanna.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Matthew 21:1-11", "Mark 11:1-11", "Luke 19:28-44", "John 12:12-19" ], "marker": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for his final Passover before the Last Supper and his arrest.", "marker_window": "Jesus is in his last week in Jerusalem, before the Last Supper", "proof_label": "the entry into Jerusalem", "reason": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for his final Passover before the Last Supper and his arrest (Matthew 21:1-11; Luke 22:7-30; Matthew 26:47-56).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 344, "chrono_rank": 408, "event": "Olivet Discourse", "description": "Jesus tells his disciples about the temple's destruction and the signs of the end.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Matthew 24:1-51", "Mark 13:1-37", "Luke 21:5-36" ], "marker": "Jesus speaks on the Mount of Olives during his last week, after entering Jerusalem and before the Last Supper.", "marker_window": "Jesus is in his last week in Jerusalem, before the Last Supper", "proof_label": "the Olivet discourse", "reason": "Jesus speaks on the Mount of Olives during his last week, after entering Jerusalem and before the Last Supper (Matthew 24:1-51; Luke 22:7-30; Matthew 21:1-11).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 345, "chrono_rank": 409, "event": "Judas Agrees to Betray Jesus", "description": "Judas Iscariot agrees to hand Jesus over to the chief priests for thirty pieces of silver.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Matthew 26:14-16", "Mark 14:10-11", "Luke 22:3-6" ], "marker": "Judas agrees to betray Jesus during his last week, before the Last Supper and the arrest.", "marker_window": "Jesus is in his last week in Jerusalem, before the Last Supper", "proof_label": "Judas\u2019s agreement", "reason": "Judas agrees to betray Jesus during his last week, before the Last Supper and the arrest (Matthew 26:14-16; Luke 22:7-30; Matthew 26:47-56).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 407, "chrono_rank": 411, "event": "The Last Supper", "description": "Jesus shares his final meal with his disciples and washes their feet before his arrest.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Luke 22:7-30", "Matthew 26:17-30", "Mark 14:12-26", "John 13:1-30", "1 Corinthians 11:23-26", "John 13:1-20" ], "marker": "Jesus shares the Last Supper before praying in Gethsemane and being arrested that night.", "marker_window": "Jesus shares his last meal before the arrest in Gethsemane", "proof_label": "the Last Supper", "reason": "Jesus shares the Last Supper before praying in Gethsemane and being arrested that night (Luke 22:7-30; Luke 22:39-46; Matthew 26:47-56).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 408, "chrono_rank": 412, "event": "Agony in Gethsemane", "description": "Jesus prays in anguish in the garden, and an angel strengthens him.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Luke 22:39-46", "Matthew 26:36-46", "Mark 14:32-42" ], "marker": "Jesus prays in Gethsemane after the Last Supper, before Judas arrives with the arresting crowd.", "marker_window": "Jesus has left the supper but has not yet been arrested", "proof_label": "Gethsemane", "reason": "Jesus prays in Gethsemane after the Last Supper, before Judas arrives with the arresting crowd (Luke 22:39-46; Matthew 26:47-56; Luke 22:7-30).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 346, "chrono_rank": 413, "event": "Jesus Arrested", "description": "Judas betrays Jesus with a kiss, Peter cuts off a servant's ear, and the disciples flee.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Matthew 26:47-56", "Mark 14:43-52", "Luke 22:47-53", "John 18:1-12" ], "marker": "Judas leads the crowd to arrest Jesus after his prayer in Gethsemane, before the trials.", "marker_window": "Jesus is arrested before his trials", "proof_label": "the arrest", "reason": "Judas leads the crowd to arrest Jesus after his prayer in Gethsemane, before the trials (Matthew 26:47-56; Matthew 26:57-68; Luke 23:1-25; Luke 22:39-46).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 347, "chrono_rank": 415, "event": "Jesus Before Caiaphas", "description": "The Sanhedrin tries Jesus and condemns him for blasphemy.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Matthew 26:57-68", "Mark 14:53-65", "Luke 22:54-71", "John 18:13-24" ], "marker": "Jesus faces Caiaphas and the council after his arrest, before he is taken to Pilate.", "marker_window": "Jesus faces the Jewish leaders before being taken to Pilate", "proof_label": "the hearing before Caiaphas", "reason": "Jesus faces Caiaphas and the council after his arrest, before he is taken to Pilate (Matthew 26:57-68; Luke 23:1-25; Matthew 26:47-56).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 409, "chrono_rank": 418, "event": "Jesus Tried Before Pilate and Herod", "description": "Jesus is brought before the Roman governor, sent to Herod, and returned to Pilate for sentencing.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Luke 23:1-25", "Matthew 27:1-2, 11-26", "Mark 15:1-15", "John 18:28-19:16", "Luke 23:6-12", "Matthew 27:27-31" ], "marker": "Jesus is tried before Pilate and Herod after his arrest, before he is crucified.", "marker_window": "Pilate governs Judea and Jesus has not yet been crucified", "proof_label": "the trial before Pilate", "reason": "Jesus is tried before Pilate and Herod after his arrest, before he is crucified (Luke 23:1-25; John 19:17-30; Matthew 26:47-56).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 427, "chrono_rank": 421, "event": "Jesus Crucified and Dies", "description": "Jesus is crucified, speaks to the repentant thief, and dies as darkness falls and the temple curtain tears.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "John 19:17-30", "Matthew 27:32-54", "Mark 15:21-39", "Luke 23:26-49", "Luke 23:39-43", "Matthew 27:45-54" ], "marker": "Jesus dies on the cross after Pilate sentences him, before Joseph of Arimathea buries him.", "marker_window": "Pilate governs Judea as Jesus is crucified", "proof_label": "the crucifixion", "reason": "Jesus dies on the cross after Pilate sentences him, before Joseph of Arimathea buries him (John 19:17-30; John 19:38-42; Luke 23:1-25).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 428, "chrono_rank": 424, "event": "Soldier Pierces Jesus' Side", "description": "A soldier pierces Jesus' side with a spear, and blood and water flow out.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "John 19:31-37" ], "marker": "The soldier pierces Jesus\u2019 side after his death, before his body is taken down for burial.", "marker_window": "Jesus has died but has not yet been buried", "proof_label": "the piercing of Jesus\u2019 side", "reason": "The soldier pierces Jesus\u2019 side after his death, before his body is taken down for burial (John 19:31-37; John 19:38-42; John 19:17-30).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 429, "chrono_rank": 425, "event": "Jesus Buried in Joseph's Tomb", "description": "Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus wrap Jesus' body and lay it in a new tomb.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "John 19:38-42", "Matthew 27:57-61", "Mark 15:42-47", "Luke 23:50-56" ], "marker": "Joseph buries Jesus after his death, before the women discover the empty tomb.", "marker_window": "Jesus has died and is being buried, before the empty tomb", "proof_label": "Jesus\u2019 burial", "reason": "Joseph buries Jesus after his death, before the women discover the empty tomb (John 19:38-42; Matthew 28:1-10; John 19:17-30).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 352, "chrono_rank": 426, "event": "Guard Posted at the Tomb", "description": "Pilate lets the chief priests seal the tomb and set a guard.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Matthew 27:62-66" ], "marker": "The leaders post the guard after Jesus is buried, before the women find the tomb empty.", "marker_window": "Jesus has been buried, before the women find the tomb empty", "proof_label": "the guard at the tomb", "reason": "The leaders post the guard after Jesus is buried, before the women find the tomb empty (Matthew 27:62-66; Matthew 28:1-10; John 19:38-42).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 353, "chrono_rank": 427, "event": "The Empty Tomb and Risen Jesus", "description": "Women find the tomb empty, and the risen Jesus appears to Mary Magdalene.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Matthew 28:1-10", "Mark 16:1-11", "Luke 24:1-12", "John 20:1-18" ], "marker": "The women find the tomb empty after Jesus\u2019 burial, before his appearance on the road to Emmaus.", "marker_window": "Jesus has risen on the first day of the week", "proof_label": "the empty tomb", "reason": "The women find the tomb empty after Jesus\u2019 burial, before his appearance on the road to Emmaus (Matthew 28:1-10; Luke 24:13-35; John 19:38-42).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 412, "chrono_rank": 430, "event": "Road to Emmaus", "description": "The risen Jesus walks with two disciples and is recognized when he breaks bread.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Luke 24:13-35", "Mark 16:12-13" ], "marker": "Jesus meets the Emmaus disciples on resurrection day, before appearing to the gathered disciples that evening.", "marker_window": "Jesus has risen, before Thomas sees him a week later", "proof_label": "the meeting at Emmaus", "reason": "Jesus meets the Emmaus disciples on resurrection day, before appearing to the gathered disciples that evening (Luke 24:13-35; John 20:19-23; Matthew 28:1-10).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 431, "chrono_rank": 431, "event": "Jesus Appears to the Disciples", "description": "Jesus appears in a locked room, breathes on his disciples, and sends them out.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "John 20:19-23", "Luke 24:36-49", "Mark 16:14", "1 Corinthians 15:5" ], "marker": "Jesus appears to the gathered disciples on resurrection evening, while Thomas is absent.", "marker_window": "Jesus has risen, before Thomas sees him a week later", "proof_label": "the appearance without Thomas", "reason": "Jesus appears to the gathered disciples on resurrection evening, while Thomas is absent (John 20:19-23; John 20:24-29).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 432, "chrono_rank": 432, "event": "Doubting Thomas", "description": "Thomas refuses to believe until he sees Jesus' wounds, then declares him Lord and God.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "John 20:24-29" ], "marker": "Thomas sees the risen Jesus a week after the appearance he missed.", "marker_window": "A week has passed since Jesus first appeared to the gathered disciples", "proof_label": "Thomas\u2019s encounter with Jesus", "reason": "Thomas sees the risen Jesus a week after the appearance he missed (John 20:24-29; John 20:19-23).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 435, "chrono_rank": 436, "event": "Ascension of Jesus", "description": "Jesus is taken up into a cloud before his disciples, and two angels promise his return.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Acts 1:1-11", "Luke 24:50-53", "Mark 16:19-20" ], "marker": "Jesus ascends after his resurrection appearances, before the Spirit comes at Pentecost.", "marker_window": "The risen Jesus is with his disciples before Pentecost", "proof_label": "the ascension", "reason": "Jesus ascends after his resurrection appearances, before the Spirit comes at Pentecost (Acts 1:1-11; Acts 2:1-41; John 20:24-29).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 436, "chrono_rank": 437, "event": "Matthias Chosen", "description": "The disciples cast lots to replace Judas, and Matthias is added to the Eleven.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 1:12-26" ], "marker": "The disciples choose Matthias after Jesus ascends, before Pentecost.", "marker_window": "Jesus has ascended, but Pentecost has not yet come", "proof_label": "Matthias\u2019s selection", "reason": "The disciples choose Matthias after Jesus ascends, before Pentecost (Acts 1:12-26; Acts 2:1-41; Acts 1:1-11).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 437, "chrono_rank": 438, "event": "Day of Pentecost", "description": "The Holy Spirit fills the believers with tongues of fire, and about three thousand are baptized after Peter preaches.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Acts 2:1-41" ], "marker": "The Spirit comes at Pentecost after Jesus ascends and Matthias joins the apostles.", "marker_window": "Jesus has ascended and the promised Spirit comes at Pentecost", "proof_label": "Pentecost", "reason": "The Spirit comes at Pentecost after Jesus ascends and Matthias joins the apostles (Acts 2:1-41; Acts 1:1-11; Acts 1:12-26).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 438, "chrono_rank": 439, "event": "Lame Beggar Healed", "description": "Peter and John heal a man lame from birth at the temple's Beautiful Gate.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Acts 3:1-10" ], "marker": "Peter and John heal the beggar after Pentecost, before the council questions them about it.", "marker_window": "The apostles lead the church in Jerusalem, before Saul\u2019s conversion", "proof_label": "the healing at the gate", "reason": "Peter and John heal the beggar after Pentecost, before the council questions them about it (Acts 3:1-10; Acts 4:1-22; Acts 2:1-41).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 439, "chrono_rank": 440, "event": "Peter and John Before the Sanhedrin", "description": "Peter and John tell the council they cannot stop speaking about what they have seen and heard.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 4:1-22" ], "marker": "The council questions Peter and John after the beggar\u2019s healing, before Saul\u2019s conversion.", "marker_window": "The apostles lead the church in Jerusalem, before Saul\u2019s conversion", "proof_label": "the council\u2019s questioning", "reason": "The council questions Peter and John after the beggar\u2019s healing, before Saul\u2019s conversion (Acts 4:1-22; Acts 9:1-19; Acts 3:1-10).", "approx_date": "about 30 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 441, "chrono_rank": 442, "event": "Ananias and Sapphira", "description": "A couple lies about the price of their land and drops dead one after the other.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Acts 5:1-11" ], "marker": "Ananias and Sapphira die in the early Jerusalem church after Pentecost, before Stephen\u2019s death.", "marker_window": "The apostles lead the church in Jerusalem, before Saul\u2019s conversion", "proof_label": "Ananias and Sapphira\u2019s deaths", "reason": "Ananias and Sapphira die in the early Jerusalem church after Pentecost, before Stephen\u2019s death (Acts 5:1-11; Acts 6:8-7:60; Acts 2:1-41).", "approx_date": "about 31 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 442, "chrono_rank": 443, "event": "Angel Frees the Apostles", "description": "An angel opens the prison doors for the apostles, and Gamaliel urges the council to leave them alone.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Acts 5:17-42" ], "marker": "An angel frees the apostles after their early Jerusalem preaching, before the seven servants are chosen.", "marker_window": "The apostles lead the church in Jerusalem, before Saul\u2019s conversion", "proof_label": "the apostles\u2019 release", "reason": "An angel frees the apostles after their early Jerusalem preaching, before the seven servants are chosen (Acts 5:17-42; Acts 6:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 32 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 443, "chrono_rank": 444, "event": "Seven Chosen to Serve", "description": "The church chooses seven men, including Stephen, to oversee the daily distribution of food.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Acts 6:1-7" ], "marker": "The church chooses Stephen and the other six before Stephen\u2019s trial and death, while Saul is still unconverted.", "marker_window": "The apostles lead the church in Jerusalem, before Saul\u2019s conversion", "proof_label": "the choosing of the seven", "reason": "The church chooses Stephen and the other six before Stephen\u2019s trial and death, while Saul is still unconverted (Acts 6:1-7; Acts 6:8-7:60; Acts 9:1-19).", "approx_date": "about 33 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 444, "chrono_rank": 445, "event": "Stephen Stoned", "description": "Stephen gives a long defense to the council and is stoned while Saul watches.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Acts 6:8-7:60", "Acts 22:20" ], "marker": "Stephen is killed while Saul approves, before Saul\u2019s encounter with Jesus on the Damascus road.", "marker_window": "The apostles lead the church in Jerusalem, before Saul\u2019s conversion", "proof_label": "Stephen\u2019s death", "reason": "Stephen is killed while Saul approves, before Saul\u2019s encounter with Jesus on the Damascus road (Acts 6:8-7:60; Acts 9:1-19).", "approx_date": "about 34 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 447, "chrono_rank": 448, "event": "Paul's Damascus Road Conversion", "description": "A blinding light stops Saul on the road to Damascus, and Ananias restores his sight.", "difficulty": "easy", "references": [ "Acts 9:1-19", "Acts 22:3-16", "Acts 26:9-18", "Galatians 1:13-17" ], "marker": "Saul meets Jesus on the Damascus road after Stephen\u2019s death, before traveling with Barnabas as a missionary.", "marker_window": "Saul has persecuted the church, before becoming a missionary", "proof_label": "Saul\u2019s conversion", "reason": "Saul meets Jesus on the Damascus road after Stephen\u2019s death, before traveling with Barnabas as a missionary (Acts 9:1-19; Acts 13:1-12; Acts 6:8-7:60).", "approx_date": "about 34 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 450, "chrono_rank": 451, "event": "Peter and Cornelius", "description": "Peter preaches to the Roman centurion Cornelius, and the Holy Spirit falls on the Gentiles.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Acts 10:1-48", "Acts 11:1-18", "Acts 15:7-9" ], "marker": "Peter visits Cornelius after Saul\u2019s conversion, before Herod Agrippa imprisons Peter.", "marker_window": "Peter leads the early church before Paul\u2019s first missionary journey", "proof_label": "Peter\u2019s visit to Cornelius", "reason": "Peter visits Cornelius after Saul\u2019s conversion, before Herod Agrippa imprisons Peter (Acts 10:1-48; Acts 12:1-19; Acts 13:1-12; Acts 9:1-19).", "approx_date": "about 40 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 452, "chrono_rank": 454, "event": "Peter Freed from Prison", "description": "An angel leads Peter out of prison while the church prays.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Acts 12:1-19" ], "marker": "Peter escapes prison under Herod Agrippa before that king\u2019s death and before Paul\u2019s first missionary journey.", "marker_window": "Herod Agrippa rules Judea, before Paul\u2019s first missionary journey", "proof_label": "Peter\u2019s escape", "reason": "Peter escapes prison under Herod Agrippa before that king\u2019s death and before Paul\u2019s first missionary journey (Acts 12:1-19; Acts 12:20-23; Acts 13:1-12).", "approx_date": "about 44 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 453, "chrono_rank": 455, "event": "Herod Struck Down", "description": "Herod Agrippa accepts praise as a god and is struck down by an angel.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 12:20-23" ], "marker": "Herod Agrippa dies after Peter escapes his prison, before Paul and Barnabas set out on their first mission.", "marker_window": "Herod Agrippa\u2019s reign ends before Paul\u2019s first missionary journey", "proof_label": "Herod Agrippa\u2019s death", "reason": "Herod Agrippa dies after Peter escapes his prison, before Paul and Barnabas set out on their first mission (Acts 12:20-23; Acts 13:1-12; Acts 12:1-19).", "approx_date": "about 44 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 454, "chrono_rank": 456, "event": "Elymas Struck Blind", "description": "The Spirit sends out Barnabas and Saul, and Paul strikes the sorcerer Elymas blind in Cyprus.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 13:1-12" ], "marker": "Paul confronts Elymas on Cyprus early in his first missionary journey, before reaching Lystra.", "marker_window": "Paul and Barnabas travel together on their first missionary journey", "proof_label": "the encounter with Elymas", "reason": "Paul confronts Elymas on Cyprus early in his first missionary journey, before reaching Lystra (Acts 13:1-12; Acts 14:8-20).", "approx_date": "about 47 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 455, "chrono_rank": 457, "event": "Paul Stoned at Lystra", "description": "The people of Lystra mistake Paul and Barnabas for gods, then stone Paul and leave him for dead.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 14:8-20", "2 Timothy 3:11" ], "marker": "Paul is stoned at Lystra while traveling with Barnabas on his first missionary journey.", "marker_window": "Paul and Barnabas travel together on their first missionary journey", "proof_label": "Paul\u2019s stoning", "reason": "Paul is stoned at Lystra while traveling with Barnabas on his first missionary journey (Acts 14:8-20; Acts 13:1-12).", "approx_date": "about 47 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 456, "chrono_rank": 458, "event": "Jerusalem Council", "description": "The apostles and elders decide that Gentile believers need not be circumcised.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 15:1-35", "Acts 21:25" ], "marker": "The Jerusalem council meets after Paul\u2019s first missionary journey, before he parts ways with Barnabas.", "marker_window": "Paul\u2019s first journey is over, before he and Barnabas separate", "proof_label": "the Jerusalem council", "reason": "The Jerusalem council meets after Paul\u2019s first missionary journey, before he parts ways with Barnabas (Acts 15:1-35; Acts 15:36-41; Acts 14:8-20).", "approx_date": "about 49 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 457, "chrono_rank": 460, "event": "Paul and Barnabas Part Ways", "description": "A sharp disagreement over John Mark leads Paul and Barnabas to separate.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 15:36-41" ], "marker": "Paul parts ways with Barnabas after the Jerusalem council, at the start of his second missionary journey.", "marker_window": "Paul\u2019s second missionary journey follows his parting with Barnabas", "proof_label": "Paul and Barnabas\u2019s separation", "reason": "Paul parts ways with Barnabas after the Jerusalem council, at the start of his second missionary journey (Acts 15:36-41; Acts 15:1-35).", "approx_date": "about 50 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 458, "chrono_rank": 461, "event": "Macedonian Call", "description": "Paul sees a vision of a man from Macedonia begging for help.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 16:6-10" ], "marker": "Paul receives the Macedonian vision on his second missionary journey, before meeting Lydia in Philippi.", "marker_window": "Paul\u2019s second missionary journey follows his parting with Barnabas", "proof_label": "the Macedonian vision", "reason": "Paul receives the Macedonian vision on his second missionary journey, before meeting Lydia in Philippi (Acts 16:6-10; Acts 16:11-15; Acts 15:36-41).", "approx_date": "about 50 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 459, "chrono_rank": 462, "event": "Lydia Believes", "description": "Lydia, a dealer in purple cloth, opens her heart to Paul's message and is baptized.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 16:11-15" ], "marker": "Paul meets Lydia on his second missionary journey, before he and Silas are jailed in Philippi.", "marker_window": "Paul\u2019s second missionary journey follows his parting with Barnabas", "proof_label": "Lydia\u2019s conversion", "reason": "Paul meets Lydia on his second missionary journey, before he and Silas are jailed in Philippi (Acts 16:11-15; Acts 16:16-40).", "approx_date": "about 50 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 460, "chrono_rank": 463, "event": "Philippian Jailer Converted", "description": "An earthquake opens the prison while Paul and Silas sing, and the jailer and his household believe.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Acts 16:16-40" ], "marker": "Paul and Silas meet the Philippian jailer on Paul\u2019s second missionary journey, after Lydia believes.", "marker_window": "Paul\u2019s second missionary journey follows his parting with Barnabas", "proof_label": "the jailer\u2019s conversion", "reason": "Paul and Silas meet the Philippian jailer on Paul\u2019s second missionary journey, after Lydia believes (Acts 16:16-40; Acts 16:11-15).", "approx_date": "about 50 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 461, "chrono_rank": 464, "event": "Bereans Examine the Scriptures", "description": "The Bereans eagerly check the Scriptures daily to see whether Paul's message is true.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 17:10-15" ], "marker": "Paul reaches Berea after leaving Thessalonica on his second missionary journey, before speaking in Athens.", "marker_window": "Paul\u2019s second missionary journey follows his parting with Barnabas", "proof_label": "the visit to Berea", "reason": "Paul reaches Berea after leaving Thessalonica on his second missionary journey, before speaking in Athens (Acts 17:10-15; Acts 17:16-34).", "approx_date": "about 50 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 462, "chrono_rank": 465, "event": "Paul at the Areopagus", "description": "Paul speaks to the Athenian philosophers about the unknown god.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Acts 17:16-34" ], "marker": "Paul speaks in Athens after leaving Berea on his second missionary journey, before settling in Corinth.", "marker_window": "Paul\u2019s second missionary journey follows his parting with Barnabas", "proof_label": "the speech in Athens", "reason": "Paul speaks in Athens after leaving Berea on his second missionary journey, before settling in Corinth (Acts 17:16-34; Acts 18:1-17; Acts 17:10-15).", "approx_date": "about 50 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 463, "chrono_rank": 466, "event": "Paul in Corinth", "description": "Paul stays eighteen months in Corinth, working with Aquila and Priscilla and teaching in the synagogue.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 18:1-17" ], "marker": "Paul stays in Corinth after Athens on his second missionary journey, before his later work in Ephesus.", "marker_window": "Paul\u2019s second missionary journey follows his parting with Barnabas", "proof_label": "the stay in Corinth", "reason": "Paul stays in Corinth after Athens on his second missionary journey, before his later work in Ephesus (Acts 18:1-17; Acts 19:1-7; Acts 17:16-34).", "approx_date": "about 51 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 464, "chrono_rank": 467, "event": "Apollos Instructed", "description": "Priscilla and Aquila explain the way of God more accurately to the eloquent Apollos.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 18:24-28" ], "marker": "Priscilla and Aquila teach Apollos in Ephesus after Paul leaves them there, before Paul\u2019s long stay in that city.", "marker_window": "Paul has left Corinth, before his long ministry in Ephesus", "proof_label": "Apollos\u2019s instruction", "reason": "Priscilla and Aquila teach Apollos in Ephesus after Paul leaves them there, before Paul\u2019s long stay in that city (Acts 18:24-28; Acts 19:1-7; Acts 18:1-17).", "approx_date": "about 52 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 465, "chrono_rank": 468, "event": "Disciples Receive the Spirit at Ephesus", "description": "Paul lays hands on twelve disciples who had known only John's baptism, and the Holy Spirit comes on them.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 19:1-7" ], "marker": "Paul meets the disciples in Ephesus on his third missionary journey, before the silversmiths\u2019 riot.", "marker_window": "Paul ministers in Ephesus on his third missionary journey", "proof_label": "the meeting with the Ephesian disciples", "reason": "Paul meets the disciples in Ephesus on his third missionary journey, before the silversmiths\u2019 riot (Acts 19:1-7; Acts 19:23-41).", "approx_date": "about 53 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 466, "chrono_rank": 469, "event": "Sons of Sceva Beaten", "description": "Seven sons of Sceva try to cast out a demon in Jesus' name and are overpowered by the possessed man.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 19:11-20" ], "marker": "The sons of Sceva are overpowered during Paul\u2019s third-journey work in Ephesus, before the silversmiths riot.", "marker_window": "Paul ministers in Ephesus on his third missionary journey", "proof_label": "the sons of Sceva", "reason": "The sons of Sceva are overpowered during Paul\u2019s third-journey work in Ephesus, before the silversmiths riot (Acts 19:11-20; Acts 19:23-41; Acts 19:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 53 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 467, "chrono_rank": 470, "event": "Riot of the Silversmiths", "description": "The silversmith Demetrius incites a riot at Ephesus because Paul's preaching threatens the trade in Artemis shrines.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 19:23-41" ], "marker": "The silversmiths riot near the end of Paul\u2019s time in Ephesus, before his farewell to the elders at Miletus.", "marker_window": "Paul ministers in Ephesus on his third missionary journey", "proof_label": "the silversmiths\u2019 riot", "reason": "The silversmiths riot near the end of Paul\u2019s time in Ephesus, before his farewell to the elders at Miletus (Acts 19:23-41; Acts 20:17-38; Acts 19:1-7).", "approx_date": "about 55 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 468, "chrono_rank": 471, "event": "Eutychus Falls from a Window", "description": "A young man named Eutychus falls asleep during Paul's long sermon, falls from a third-story window, and is restored to life.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Acts 20:7-12" ], "marker": "Paul restores Eutychus at Troas after leaving Ephesus, before meeting the elders at Miletus.", "marker_window": "Paul is returning from his third journey, before his arrest in Jerusalem", "proof_label": "Eutychus\u2019s fall", "reason": "Paul restores Eutychus at Troas after leaving Ephesus, before meeting the elders at Miletus (Acts 20:7-12; Acts 20:17-38; Acts 19:23-41).", "approx_date": "about 57 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 469, "chrono_rank": 472, "event": "Paul's Farewell at Miletus", "description": "Paul tells the Ephesian elders he will not see them again, and they weep and embrace him.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 20:17-38" ], "marker": "Paul says farewell at Miletus while returning toward Jerusalem, before his arrest there.", "marker_window": "Paul is returning from his third journey, before his arrest in Jerusalem", "proof_label": "the farewell at Miletus", "reason": "Paul says farewell at Miletus while returning toward Jerusalem, before his arrest there (Acts 20:17-38; Acts 21:27-36).", "approx_date": "about 57 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 470, "chrono_rank": 473, "event": "Paul Arrested in the Temple", "description": "A mob drags Paul from the temple and tries to kill him until Roman soldiers rescue him.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 21:27-36", "Acts 22:22-29" ], "marker": "Paul is arrested in Jerusalem after his farewell at Miletus, before the hearings in Caesarea.", "marker_window": "Paul is in Roman custody after his arrest in Jerusalem", "proof_label": "Paul\u2019s arrest", "reason": "Paul is arrested in Jerusalem after his farewell at Miletus, before the hearings in Caesarea (Acts 21:27-36; Acts 24:1-27; Acts 20:17-38).", "approx_date": "about 57 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 471, "chrono_rank": 474, "event": "Plot to Kill Paul", "description": "Forty men vow to kill Paul, and Roman troops move him to Caesarea after his nephew warns them.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 23:12-35" ], "marker": "The plot against Paul follows his arrest in Jerusalem, before his hearing before Felix in Caesarea.", "marker_window": "Paul is in Roman custody after his arrest in Jerusalem", "proof_label": "the plot against Paul", "reason": "The plot against Paul follows his arrest in Jerusalem, before his hearing before Felix in Caesarea (Acts 23:12-35; Acts 24:1-27; Acts 21:27-36).", "approx_date": "about 57 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 472, "chrono_rank": 475, "event": "Paul Before Felix", "description": "Paul defends himself before Governor Felix and is held for two years.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 24:1-27" ], "marker": "Felix hears Paul\u2019s defense before Festus succeeds him as governor.", "marker_window": "Felix governs Judea while Paul is a prisoner", "proof_label": "the hearing before Felix", "reason": "Felix hears Paul\u2019s defense before Festus succeeds him as governor (Acts 24:1-27; Acts 25:1-12).", "approx_date": "about 57 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 473, "chrono_rank": 476, "event": "Paul Appeals to Caesar", "description": "Paul appeals to Caesar before Festus to avoid being sent to Jerusalem.", "difficulty": "hard", "references": [ "Acts 25:1-12" ], "marker": "Paul appeals to Caesar under Festus, after Felix\u2019s governorship and before speaking to Agrippa.", "marker_window": "Festus has succeeded Felix as governor and Paul remains in custody", "proof_label": "the appeal to Caesar", "reason": "Paul appeals to Caesar under Festus, after Felix\u2019s governorship and before speaking to Agrippa (Acts 25:1-12; Acts 26:1-32; Acts 24:1-27).", "approx_date": "about 59 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 474, "chrono_rank": 477, "event": "Paul Before Agrippa", "description": "Paul explains his conversion and mission before King Agrippa.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Acts 26:1-32" ], "marker": "Paul speaks to Agrippa after appealing to Caesar under Festus, before sailing toward Rome.", "marker_window": "Festus has succeeded Felix as governor and Paul remains in custody", "proof_label": "the hearing before Agrippa", "reason": "Paul speaks to Agrippa after appealing to Caesar under Festus, before sailing toward Rome (Acts 26:1-32; Acts 27:1-44; Acts 25:1-12).", "approx_date": "about 59 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 475, "chrono_rank": 478, "event": "Shipwreck at Malta", "description": "A violent storm wrecks Paul's ship, and everyone aboard reaches land safely.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Acts 27:1-44" ], "marker": "Paul is shipwrecked on Malta after appealing to Caesar, before he reaches Rome.", "marker_window": "Paul is being taken to Rome as a prisoner, after appealing to Caesar", "proof_label": "the shipwreck", "reason": "Paul is shipwrecked on Malta after appealing to Caesar, before he reaches Rome (Acts 27:1-44; Acts 28:16-31; Acts 25:1-12).", "approx_date": "about 59 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 476, "chrono_rank": 479, "event": "Viper Bites Paul", "description": "A viper fastens on Paul's hand on Malta, and he shakes it into the fire unharmed.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Acts 28:1-6" ], "marker": "The viper bites Paul on Malta after the shipwreck, before he reaches Rome.", "marker_window": "Paul is being taken to Rome as a prisoner, after appealing to Caesar", "proof_label": "the viper\u2019s bite", "reason": "The viper bites Paul on Malta after the shipwreck, before he reaches Rome (Acts 28:1-6; Acts 28:16-31; Acts 27:1-44).", "approx_date": "about 60 AD", "proof_plural": false }, { "id": 477, "chrono_rank": 480, "event": "Paul Preaches in Rome", "description": "Paul lives under house arrest in Rome and welcomes all who come to hear him.", "difficulty": "medium", "references": [ "Acts 28:16-31" ], "marker": "Paul teaches in Rome after the shipwreck and winter on Malta, while under house arrest.", "marker_window": "Paul has reached Rome after the shipwreck and winter on Malta", "proof_label": "Paul\u2019s teaching in Rome", "reason": "Paul teaches in Rome after the shipwreck and winter on Malta, while under house arrest (Acts 28:16-31; Acts 27:1-44; Acts 28:1-6).", "approx_date": "about 60 AD", "proof_plural": false } ]